https://doi.org/10.4081/ripppo.2024.826
Suicidality and self-compassion in patients with major depressive disorder: the mediating role of the avoidant attachment type
Submitted: August 30, 2024
Accepted: December 3, 2024
Published: December 16, 2024
Accepted: December 3, 2024
Abstract Views: 54
PDF: 18
SUPPLEMENTARY: 3
SUPPLEMENTARY: 3
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Authors
Despite recent studies establishing self-compassion and secure attachment to be vital protective factors against suicidality, the role of attachment as a psychological mechanism that may mediate the relationship between self-compassion and suicidality has not been investigated to date. This study aims to address this gap by investigating whether attachment styles, specifically avoidant attachment, mediate the link between self-compassion and suicidality in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). 273 adult patients with MDD completed the Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), the Experiences in Close Relationships Scale (ECRS), and the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS) along with sociodemographic and clinical questions. Statistical analyses included correlation analysis and Mann- Whitney U tests to examine the relationships and possible differences between the non-suicidal group and the suicidal group of patients in terms of attachment style, self-compassion, and self-destructive behaviors. A mediation analysis to assess the role of attachment avoidance in the relationship between selfcompassion and suicidality was also conducted. Both attachment anxiety and avoidance were positively associated with suicidality and depression and negatively with self-compassion. The patients with increased suicidality differed significantly in the levels of depression, self-compassion, and attachment compared to those who were non-suicidal. The protective mechanism of self-compassion against suicidality was mediated by attachment avoidance. Research findings highlight the need for considering attachment-related issues to understand suicidality and tailor interventions in the field of suicide prevention and treatment while they gauge treatment priorities in working with depressed patients with suicidal thoughts and behaviors.
Ainsworth, M. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the Strange Situation. Erlbaum.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/t28248-000
Amari, N., Martin, T., Mahoney, A. Peacock, S., Stewart, J., & Alford, E. A. (2023). Exploring the relationship between compassion and attachment in individuals with mental health difficulties: A systematic review. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 53(3), 245-256. doi: 10.1007/s10879-022-09573-4
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10879-022-09573-4
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). doi: 10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
Banai, E., Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2005). "Self object" needs in Kohut's self psychology: Links with attachment, self-cohesion, affect regulation, and adjustment. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 22(2), 224. doi: 10.1037/0736-9735.22.2.224
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0736-9735.22.2.224
Bartholomew, K. (1990). Avoidance of intimacy: An attachment perspective. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 7(2), 147-178. doi: 10.1177/0265407590072001
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407590072001
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Manual for Beck Depression lnventory-II. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/t00742-000
Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base. New York: Basic Books.
Brennan, K. A., Clark, C. L., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Self-report measurement of adult attachment: An integrative overview. In J. A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 46-76). The Guilford Press.
Candel, O.-S., & Turliuc, M. N. (2019). Insecure attachment and relationship satisfaction: A meta-analysis of actor and partner associations. Personality and Individual Differences, 147, 190–199. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.04.037
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.04.037
Clayden, R. C., Zaruk, A., Meyre, D., Thabane, L., & Samaan, Z. (2012). The association of attempted suicide with genetic variants in the SLC6A4 and TPH genes depends on the definition of suicidal behavior: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Translational Psychiatry, 2(10), e166. doi: 10.1038/tp.2012.96
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2012.96
Cleare, S., Gumley, A., & O'Connor, R. C. (2019). Self‐compassion, self‐forgiveness, suicidal ideation, and self‐harm: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 26(5), 511-530. doi: 10.1002/cpp.2372
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2372
Dagan, O., Facompré, C. R., & Bernard, K. (2018). Adult attachment representations and depressive symptoms: A meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 236, 274-290. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.04.091
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.04.091
Diedrich, A., Grant, M., Hofmann, S.G., Hiller, W., & Berking, M. (2014). Self-compassion as an emotion regulation strategy in major depressive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 58, 43-51. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2014.05.006
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2014.05.006
Eikelenboom, M., Beekman, A. T., Penninx, B. W., & Smit, J. H. (2019). A 6-year longitudinal study of predictors for suicide attempts in major depressive disorder. Psychological Medicine, 49(6), 911-921. 1. doi: 10.1017/S0033291718001423
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291718001423
Ferrari, M., Hunt, C., Harrysunker, A., Abbott, M. J., Beath, A. P., & Einstein, D. A. (2019). Self-compassion interventions and psychosocial outcomes: A meta-analysis of RCTs. Mindfulness, 10, 1455-1473. doi: 10.1007/s12671-019-01134-6
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-019-01134-6
Franklin, J. C., Ribeiro, J. D., Fox, K. R., Bentley, K. H., Kleiman, E. M., Huang, X., Musacchio, K. M., Jaroszewski, A. C., Chang, B. P., & Nock, M. K. (2017). Risk factors for suicidal thoughts and behaviors: A meta-analysis of 50 years of research. Psychological Bulletin, 143(2), 187–232. doi: 10.1037/bul0000084
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000084
Giannakou, M., Roussi, P., Kosmides, M.-E., Kiosseoglou, G., Adamopoulou, A., & Garyfallos, G. (2013). Adaptation of the Beck Depression Inventory-II to Greek population. Hellenic Journal of Psychology, 10(2), 120–146.
Gilbert, P. (2020). Compassion: From its evolution to a psychotherapy. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 3123. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.586161
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.586161
Grunebaum, M. F., Galfalvy, H. C., Mortenson, L. Y., Burke, A. K., Oquendo, M. A., & Mann, J. J. (2010). Attachment and social adjustment: Relationships to suicide attempt and major depressive episode in a prospective study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 123(1), 123-130. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2009.09.010
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2009.09.010
Hawton, K., Casañas i Comabella, C., Haw, C., & Saunders, K. (2013). Risk factors for suicide in individuals with depression: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 147(1), 17-28. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.01.004
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.01.004
Holma, K. M., Melartin, T. K., Haukka, J., Holma, I. A., Sokero, T. P., & Isometsä, E. T. (2010). Incidence and predictors of suicide attempts in DSM-IV major depressive disorder: A five-year prospective study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 801–808. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09050627
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09050627
Holmes, J. (2011). Attachment theory and the suicidal patient. In K. Michel & D. A. Jobes (Eds.), Building a therapeutic alliance with the suicidal patient (pp. 149–167). American Psychological Association. doi: 10.1037/12303-009
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/12303-009
Huang, M., & Wu, E. Z. (2024). The associations between self-compassion and adult attachment: A meta-analysis. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 0(0). doi: 10.1177/02654075241265766
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/02654075241265766
Klonsky, E. D., & May, A. M. (2015). The three-step theory (3ST): A new theory of suicide rooted in the “ideation-to-action” framework. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 8(2), 114-129. doi: 10.1521/ijct.2015.8.2.114
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1521/ijct.2015.8.2.114
Li, S., Galynker, I. I., Briggs, J., Duffy, M., Frechette-Hagan, A., Kim, H. J., Cohen, L. J., & Yaseen, Z. S. (2017). Attachment style and suicide behaviors in high risk psychiatric inpatients following hospital discharge: The mediating role of entrapment. Psychiatry Research, 257, 309-314. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.07.072
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.07.072
Liotti, M., Bincoletto, A. F., Bizzi, F., Tironi, M., Mora, S. C., Cavanna, D., ... & Tanzilli, A. (2024). The catcher in the mind: Validation of the brief-mentalized affectivity scale for adolescents in the Italian population. Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process, and Outcome, 26(3), 709. doi: 10.4081/ripppo.2023.709
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4081/ripppo.2023.709
MacBeth, A., & Gumley, A. (2012). Exploring compassion: A meta‐analysis of the association between self‐compassion and psychopathology. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(6), 545–552. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2012.06.003
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2012.06.003
Mackintosh, K., Power, K., Schwannauer, M., & Chan, S. W. (2018). The relationships between self-compassion, attachment and interpersonal problems in clinical patients with mixed anxiety and depression and emotional distress. Mindfulness, 9, 961-971. doi: 10.1007/s12671-017-0835-6
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0835-6
MacNeil, S., Roderbourg, L., Orri, M., Geoffroy, M. C., Mcgrath, J. J., Renaud, J., & Gouin, J. P. (2023). Attachment styles and suicidal thoughts and behaviors: A meta-analysis. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 42(4), 323-364. doi: 10.1521/jscp.2023.42.4.323
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2023.42.4.323
Mantzios, M., Wilson, J. C., & Giannou, K. (2015). Psychometric properties of the Greek versions of the self-compassion and mindful attention and awareness scales. Mindfulness, 6(1), 123-132. doi: 10.1007/s12671-013-0237-3
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-013-0237-3
Messina, I., Maniglio, R., & Spataro, P. (2023). Attachment insecurity and depression: The mediating role of interpersonal emotion regulation. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 47(4), 637-647. doi: 10.1007/s10608-023-10386-5
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-023-10386-5
Möller, H. J. (2003). Suicide, suicidality and suicide prevention in affective disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 108, 73-80. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0447.108.s418.15.x
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0447.108.s418.15.x
Moselli, M., Frattini, C., Williams, R., & Ronningstam, E. (2021). The study of motivation in the suicidal process: The motivational interview for suicidality. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.598866
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.598866
Muris, P., & Petrocchi, N. (2017). Protection or vulnerability? A meta-analysis of the relations between the positive and negative components of self-compassion and psychopathology. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 24(2), 373-383. doi: 10.1002/cpp.2005
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2005
Murray, C. V., Jacobs, J. I. L., Rock, A. J., & Clark, G. I. (2021). Attachment style, thought suppression, self-compassion and depression: Testing a serial mediation model. PloS One, 16(1). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245056
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245056
Music, G. (2019). Avoiding avoidance: Neglecting emotional neglect and deactivated relationship styles. In L. Cundy (Ed.), Attachment and the Defense Against Intimacy. Understanding and Working with Avoidant, Self-Hatred, and Shame (pp. 1-22). Routledge.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429447860-1
Naismith, I., Zarate Guerrero, S., & Feigenbaum, J. (2019). Abuse, invalidation, and lack of early warmth show distinct relationships with self‐criticism, self‐compassion, and fear of self‐compassion in personality disorder. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 26(3), 350-361. doi: 10.1002/cpp.2357
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2357
Neff, K. D. (2003). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2(3), 223-250. doi: 10.1080/15298860309027
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309027
Neff, K. D. (2023). Self-compassion: Theory, method, research, and intervention. Annual Review of Psychology, 74(1), 193-218. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-032420-031047
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-032420-031047
Neff, K. D., Tóth‐Király, I., Yarnell, L. M., Arimitsu, K., Castilho, P., Ghorbani, N., Guo, H. X., Hirsch, J. K., Hupfeld, J., Hutz, C. S., Kotsou, I., Lee, W. K., Montero-Marin, J., Sirois, F. M., de Souza, L. K., Svendsen, J. L., Wilkinson, R. B., & Mantzios, M. (2019). Examining the factor structure of the Self‐Compassion Scale in 20 diverse samples: Support for use of a total score and six subscale scores. Psychological Assessment, 31(1), 27–45. doi: 10.1037/pas0000629
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000629
O'Connor, R. C., & Nock, M. K. (2014). The psychology of suicidal behaviour. The Lancet. Psychiatry, 1(1), 73–85. doi: 10.1016/S2215‐0366(14)70222‐6
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(14)70222-6
O'Neill, C., Pratt, D., Kilshaw, M., Ward, K., Kelly, J., & Haddock, G. (2021). The relationship between self‐criticism and suicide probability. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 28(6), 1445-1456. doi: 10.1002/cpp.2593
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2593
Osman, A., Bagge, C. L., Gutierrez, P. M., Konick, L. C., Kopper, B. A., & Barrios, F. X. (2001). The Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R): Validation with clinical and nonclinical samples. Assessment, 8(4), 443-454. doi: 10.1177/107319110100800409
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/107319110100800409
Parolin, L., Milesi, A., Comelli, G., & Locati, F. (2023). The interplay of mentalization and epistemic trust: A protective mechanism against emotional dysregulation in adolescent internalizing symptoms. Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process, and Outcome, 26(3). doi: 10.4081/ripppo.2023.707
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4081/ripppo.2023.707
Per, M., Schmelefske, E., Brophy, K., Austin, S. B., & Khoury, B. (2022). Mindfulness, self-compassion, self-injury, and suicidal thoughts and behaviors: A correlational meta-analysis. Mindfulness, 13(4), 821-842. doi: 10.1007/s12671-021-01815-1
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-021-01815-1
Pompili, M. (2019). Critical appraisal of major depression with suicidal ideation. Annals of General Psychiatry, 18(1), 7. doi: 10.1186/s12991-019-0232-8
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12991-019-0232-8
Raque, T. L., Ziemer, K., & Jackson, J. (2023). Attachment and self-compassion: Associations across the lifespan. In A. Finlay-Jones, K. Bluth, & K. Neff (Eds.), Handbook of Self-Compassion (pp. 71–88). Springer International Publishing. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-22348-8_5
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22348-8_5
Ronningstam, E., Schechter, M., Herbstman, B., & Goldbalatt, M. (2024). Chronic suicidal ideations: A risk or a protection. Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome. doi: 10.4081/ripppo.2024.764
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4081/ripppo.2024.764
Schaffer, A., Levitt, A. J., Bagby, R. M., Kennedy, S. H., Levitan, R. D., & Joffe, R. T. (2000). Suicidal ideation in major depression: Sex differences and impact of comorbid anxiety. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 45(9), 822-826. doi: 10.1177/070674370004500906
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370004500906
Sheehan, D. V., Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, K. H., Amorim, P., Janavs, J., Weiller, E., & Dunbar, G. C. (1998). The Mini‐International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): The development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM‐IV and ICD‐10. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59, 22–33.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/t18597-000
Sommers‐Spijkerman, M., Trompetter, H., Schreurs, K., & Bohlmeijer, E. (2018). Pathways to improving mental health in compassion‐focused therapy: Self‐reassurance, self‐criticism and affect as mediators of change. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1–12. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02442
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02442
Stepp, S. D., Morse, J. Q., Yaggi, K. E., Reynolds, S. K., Reed, L. I., & Pilkonis, P. A. (2008). The role of attachment styles and interpersonal problems in suicide-related behaviors. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 38(5), 592-607. doi: 10.1521/suli.2008.38.5.592
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1521/suli.2008.38.5.592
Suh, H., & Jeong, J. (2021). Association of self-compassion with suicidal thoughts and behaviors and non-suicidal self-injury: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.633482
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.633482
Tsagarakis, M., Kafetsios, K., & Stalikas, A. (2007). Reliability and validity of the Greek version of the Revised Experiences in Close Relationships measure of adult attachment. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 23(1), 47-55. doi: 10.1027/1015-5759.23.1.47
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.23.1.47
Turton, H., Berry, K., Danquah, A., Green, J., & Pratt, D. (2022). An investigation of whether emotion regulation mediates the relationship between attachment insecurity and suicidal ideation and behaviour. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 29(5), 1587-1598. doi: 10.1002/cpp.2735
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2735
Wilson, A. C., Mackintosh, K., Power, K., & Chan, S. W. (2019). Effectiveness of self-compassion related therapies: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Mindfulness, 10, 979-995. doi: 10.1007/s12671-018-1037-6
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-1037-6
Word Health Organization (2023). World health statistics 2023: Monitoring health for the SDGs, Sustainable Development Goals. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240074323
Yang, S., Ren, Y., Song, X., Ge, J., & Peng, Y. (2024). Insecure attachment and depressive symptoms among a large sample of Chinese young adults: The mediating role of positive and negative self-compassion. Behavioral Sciences, 14(3), Article 3. doi: 10.3390/bs14030238
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14030238
Zhang, H., Watson-Singleton, N. N., Pollard, S. E., Pittman, D. M., Lamis, D. A., Fischer, N. L., Patterson, B., & Kaslow, N. J. (2019). Self-criticism and depressive symptoms: Mediating role of self-compassion. OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying, 80(2), 202–223. doi: 10.1177/0030222817729609
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0030222817729609
Zortea, T. C., Gray, C. M., & O’Connor, R. C. (2021). The relationship between adult attachment and suicidal thoughts and behaviors: A systematic review. Archives of Suicide Research, 25(1), 38–73. doi: 10.1080/13811118.2019.1661893
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2019.1661893
How to Cite
Yotsidi, V., Ntakolia, C., Rannou , I., Stavrou, P.-D., Ferentinos, P., Douzenis, A., … Gournellis , R. (2024). Suicidality and self-compassion in patients with major depressive disorder: the mediating role of the avoidant attachment type. Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome, 27(1). https://doi.org/10.4081/ripppo.2024.826
Copyright (c) 2024 the Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
PAGEPress has chosen to apply the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) to all manuscripts to be published.
Similar Articles
- Salvatore Gullo, Ilaria Misici, Arianna Teti, Michele Liuzzi, Enrico Chiara, Going through the lockdown: a longitudinal study on the psychological consequences of the coronavirus pandemic , Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome: Vol. 23 No. 3 (2020)
- Diego Sarracino, Alice Garavaglia, Emanuela S. Gritti, Laura Parolin, Marco Innamorati, Dropout from cognitive behavioural treatment in a case of bulimia nervosa: The role of the therapeutic alliance , Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome: Vol. 16 No. 2 (2013)
- Marco La Marra, Walter Sapuppo, Giorgio Caviglia, Dissociazione e alessitimia in un campione di pazienti con Disturbo del Comportamento Alimentare , Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome: Vol. 12 No. 1-2 (2009)
- Mahbobe Ghavidel Heydari, Mahmoud Shirazi, Gholam Reza Sanagouyemoharer, The effect of positive psychotherapy in test anxiety among Zahedan students with hemophilia , Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome: Vol. 21 No. 1 (2018)
- Jose L. Vilchez, Mental footnotes: knowledge constructivism from logical thinking to personal beliefs and therapy , Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome: Vol. 19 No. 2 (2016)
- Raffaella Perrella, Antonio Semerari, Francesca Scafuto, Giorgio Caviglia, Metacognition, Borderline Pathology and Psychotherapeutic Change: A Single-Case Study , Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome: Vol. 16 No. 2 (2013)
- Aija de Starceva-Apele, Malgozata Rascevska, Reliability and factorial validity of long and brief versions of the inventory of personality organization in a Latvian sample , Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome: Vol. 25 No. 2 (2022)
- Irene Messina, Giovanna Trimoldi, Shaping psychotherapy trainees’ potential: insights from training program directors , Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome: Vol. 27 No. 2 (2024)
- Sergio Salvatore, Alessandro Gennaro, Andrea Auletta, Rossano Grassi, Stefano Manzo, Mariangela Nitti, Ahmed Al-Radaideh, Marco Tonti, Nicoletta Aloia, Grazio Monteforte, Omar Gelo, La psicoterapia come scambio comunicativo. Prospettive di ricerca sul processo clinico , Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome: Vol. 13 No. 2 (2010)
- Cecilia Giordano, Ivan Ambrosiano , Maria Teresa Graffeo, Alessandro Di Caro, Salvatore Gullo, The transition to online psychotherapy during the pandemic: a qualitative study on patients’ perspectives , Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome: Vol. 25 No. 3 (2022): SPECIAL ISSUE: "Group psychotherapy: between settled benchmarks and new horizons"
<< < 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 > >>
You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.
