https://doi.org/10.4081/ripppo.2024.745
Childhood emotional maltreatment and internalizing problems in a non-clinical sample of adolescents: a moderated-mediation model of insecure anxious attachment style and gender
Submitted: December 21, 2023
Accepted: May 28, 2024
Published: June 24, 2024
Accepted: May 28, 2024
Abstract Views: 2092
PDF: 506
HTML: 28
HTML: 28
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Authors
Childhood emotional maltreatment (abuse and neglect) may contribute to the development of internalizing problems in adolescence. However, the mechanisms explaining this association should be examined further. This study explored the mediating role of insecure anxious attachment style in the relationship between emotional maltreatment and internalizing symptoms in a non-clinical sample of adolescents. Analyses were also conducted to determine whether gender moderated the direct and indirect pathways between emotional maltreatment and internalizing problems. We recruited 449 adolescents aged between 14 and 18 years old [(Mage)=16.46, standard deviation (SD)=1.38]. 60.8% of adolescents were female (Mage=16.51, SD=1.43), whereas 39.2% identified as male (Mage=16.39, SD=1.28). Participants completed a survey including socio-demographic information and three selfreport questionnaires: the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form, the Attachment Style Questionnaire, and the Youth Self- Report for ages 11-18. Results showed that emotional abuse and neglect were related to internalizing problems both directly and indirectly through anxious attachment style. Girls who experienced higher levels of emotional abuse and who had an anxious attachment style reported more internalizing problems than boys, whereas higher levels of emotional neglect were associated with increasing levels of internalizing problems only for boys. This study expanded our knowledge of the role of anxious attachment in the onset of internalizing problems among adolescents with experiences of childhood emotional maltreatment.
Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. A. (2001). Manual for the ASEBA school-age forms & profiles. Research Center for Children, Youth, & Families.
American Psychological Association (2010) Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/principles.pdf
Ammaniti, M., Cimino, S., & Petrocchi, M. (2005). Adolescenza ed esperienze traumatiche: Influenze sul funzionamento emotivo-adattivo. Infanzia e Adolescenza, 4(3), 145–155.
Ara, E. (2016). Internalizing and externalizing problems in adolescents analyzing the gender difference. International Journal of Research in Social Sciences, 6, 328-337.
Beauchaine, T. P., Zisner, A. R., & Sauder, C. L. (2017). Trait impulsivity and the externalizing spectrum. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 13, 343–368. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093253
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093253
Berger, L. M., & Waldfogel, J. (2011). Economic determinants and consequences of child maltreatment. OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, (OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers No. 111). OECD Publishing. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5kgf09zj7h9t-en
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1787/5kgf09zj7h9t-en
Bernstein, D. P., Stein, J. A., Newcomb, M. D., Walker, E., Pogge, D., Ahluvalia, T. … Zule, W. (2003). Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27(2), 169–190.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(02)00541-0
Bernstein, D. P., Fink, L., Handelsman, L., Foote, J., Lovejoy, M., Wenzel, K., Sapareto, E., & Ruggiero, J. (1994). Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 151(8), 1132–1136. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.151.8.1132
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.151.8.1132
Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and Loss, Vol. 1: Attachment. New York: Basic Books.
Cecil, C. A. M., Viding, E., Fearon, P., Glaser, D., & McCrory, E. J. (2017). Disentangling the mental health impact of childhood abuse and neglect. Child Abuse and Neglect, 63, 106–119. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.11.024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.11.024
Cicchetti, D., Toth, S. L. (2016). Child maltreatment and developmental psychopathology: A multilevel perspective. In D. Cicchetti (Ed), Developmental Psychopathology, 3rd Ed., Vol. 3 (pp. 457-512). Wiley: New York, NY, USA. http://doi.org/10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy311
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy311
Cohen, J. R., & Thakur, H. (2021). Developmental consequences of emotional abuse and neglect in vulnerable adolescents: A multi-informant, multi-wave study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104811
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104811
Costello, P. C. (2013). Attachment-based psychotherapy. Helping patients develop adaptive capacities. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/14185-000
Davila, J., Ramsay, M., Stroud, C. B., & Steinberg, S. (2005). Attachment as vulnerability to the development of psychopathology. In B.L. Hankin, & J. R. Z. Abela (Eds), Development of psychopathology: A vulnerability-stress perspective (pp. 215–242). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452231655.n9
Diamond, L. M., & Fagundes, C. P. (2010). Psychobiological research on attachment. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 27(2), 218–225. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407509360906
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407509360906
Duprey, E. B., Oshri, A., Liu, S., Kogan, S. M., & Caughy, M. O. (2021). Physiological stress response reactivity mediates the link between emotional abuse and youth internalizing problems. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 52(3), 450–463. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-020-01033-1
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-020-01033-1
Erkoreka, L., Zamalloa, I., Rodriguez, S., Muñoz, P., Mendizabal, I., Zamalloa, M. I., Arrue, A., Zumarraga, M., & Gonzalez-Torres, M. A. (2022). Attachment anxiety as mediator of the relationship between childhood trauma and personality dysfunction in borderline personality disorder. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 29(2), 501-511. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2640
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2640
Falgares, G., Marchetti, D., Manna, G., Musso, P., Oasi, O., Kopala-Sibley, D.C., De Santis, S., & Verrocchio, M. C. (2018). Childhood maltreatment, pathological personality dimensions, and suicide risk in young adults. Frontiers in Psychology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00806389/fpsyg.2018.00806
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00806
Featherstone, B., Morris, K., Daniel, B., Bywaters, P., Brady, G., Bunting, L., Mason, W., & Mirza, N. (2019). Poverty, inequality, child abuse and neglect: Changing the conversation across the UK in child protection? Children and Youth Services Review, 97, 127-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.06.009
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.06.009
Feeney, J. A., Noller, P., & Hanrahan, M. (1994). Assessing adult attachment. In M. B. Sperling & W. H. Berman (Eds.), Attachment in adults: Clinical and developmental perspectives (pp. 122–158). Guilford.
Fossati, A., Feeney, J., Donati, D., Donini, M., Novella, L., Bagnato, M., Acquarini, E., & Maffei, C. (2003). On the dimensionality of the Attachment Style Questionnaire in Italian clinical and nonclinical participants. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 20. https://doi.org/10.1177/02654075030201003
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/02654075030201003
Fritz, M. S., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2007). Required sample size to detect the mediated effect. Psychological Science, 18, 233-239. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01882.x
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01882.x
Gay, L. E., Harding, H. G., Jackson, J. L., Burns, E. E., & Baker, B. D. (2013). Attachment style and early maladaptive schemas as mediators of the relationship between childhood emotional abuse and intimate partner violence. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 22(4), 408–424. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2013.775982
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2013.775982
Godbout, N., Daspe, M. È., Runtz, M., Cyr, G., & Briere, J. (2019). Childhood maltreatment, attachment, and borderline personality-related symptoms: Gender-specific structural equation models. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice and Policy 11(1), 90-98. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000403
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000403
González-Díez, Z., Orue, I., & Calvete, E. (2017). The role of emotional maltreatment and looming cognitive style in the development of social anxiety symptoms in late adolescents. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 30(1), 26–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2016.1188920
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2016.1188920
Hagborg, J. M., Tidefors, I., & Fahlke, C. (2017). Gender differences in the association between emotional maltreatment with mental, emotional, and behavioral problems in Swedish adolescents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 67, 249–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.02.033
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.02.033
Hamilton, J. L., Shapero, B. G., Stange, J. P., Hamlat, E. J., Abramson, L. Y., & Alloy, L. B. (2013). Emotional maltreatment, peer victimization, and depressive versus anxiety symptoms during adolescence: hopelessness as a mediator. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 42(3), 332–347. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2013.777916
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2013.777916
Hankin, B. L., Kassel, J. D., & Abela, J. R. (2005). Adult attachment dimensions and specificity of emotional distress symptoms: Prospective investigations of cognitive risk and interpersonal stress generation as mediating mechanisms. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(1), 136–151. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167204271324
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167204271324
Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Press.
IBM Corp. Released 2020. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 27.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp
Kamkar, K., Doyle, A.B., & Markiewicz, D. (2012). Insecure attachment to parents and depressive symptoms in early adolescence: Mediating roles of attributions and self-esteem. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 4.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ijps.v4n2p3
Kenny, D. A., & Judd, C. M. (2014). Power anomalies in testing mediation. Psychological Science, 25, 334-339. https://doi.org/10.1177/095679761350267
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797613502676
Keresteš, G., Rezo, I., & Ajduković, M. (2019). Links between attachment to parents and internalizing problems in adolescence: The mediating role of adolescents’ personality. Current Psychology, 42, 15925–15935. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00210-3
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00210-3
Kim, J., & Cicchetti, D. (2010). Longitudinal pathways linking child maltreatment, emotion regulation, peer relations, and psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 51(6), 706–716. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02202.x
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02202.x
Lacasa, F., Mitjavila, M., Ochoa, S., & Balluerka, N. (2015). The relationship between attachment styles and internalizing or externalizing symptoms in clinical and nonclinical adolescents. Anales de Psicologìa, 31(2), 422–432. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.31.2. 169711
DOI: https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.31.2.169711
Li, S., Zhao, F., & Yu, G. (2022). Childhood emotional abuse and depression among adolescents: Roles of deviant peer affiliation and gender. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(1-2), NP830-NP850. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520918586
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520918586
Lo, C. K. M., Chan, K. L., & Ip, P. (2019). Insecure adult attachment and child maltreatment: A meta-analysis. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 20(5), 706–719. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838017730579
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838017730579
MacKinnon, D. P., Cheong, J., & Pirlott, A. G. (2012). Statistical mediation analysis. In H. Cooper, P. M. Camic, D. L. Long, A. T. Panter, D. Rindskopf, & K. J. Sher (Eds.), APA handbooks in psychology®. APA handbook of research methods in psychology, Vol. 2. Research designs: Quantitative, qualitative, neuropsychological, and biological (p. 313–331). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/13620-018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/13620-018
MacKinnon, D. P., & Luecken, L. J. (2008). How and for whom? Mediation and moderation in health psychology. Health Psychology, 27(2), S99-S100. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.27.2(Suppl.).S99
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.27.2(Suppl.).S99
Manna, G., Costanzo, G., De Santis, S., & Falgares, G. (2022). The mediating role of self-esteem in the relationship between mother’s attachment style and offspring’s depression. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02529-2
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02529-2
Marchetti, D., Musso, P., Verrocchio, M. C., Manna, G., Kopala-Sibley, D. C., De Berardis, D., De Santis, S., & Falgares, G. (2021). Childhood maltreatment, personality vulnerability profiles, and borderline personality disorder symptoms in adolescents. Development and Psychopathology, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579420002151
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579420002151
Martin, J., Bureau, J. F., Yurkowski, K., Fournier, T. R., Lafontaine, M. F., & Cloutier, P. (2016). Family based risk factors for nonsuicidal self-injury: Considering influences of maltreatment, adverse family-life experiences, and parent-child relational risk. Journal of Adolescence, 49, 170–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.03.015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.03.015
Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2017). An attachment perspective on compassion and altruism. In P. Gilbert (Ed.), Compassion: Concepts, research and applications (pp. 187–202). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315564296-11
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315564296-11
Muller, R. T., Thornback, K., & Bedi, R. (2012). Attachment as a mediator between child- hood maltreatment and adult symptomatology. Journal of Family Violence, 27(3), 243–255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-012-9417-5
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-012-9417-5
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998-2022). Mplus 8.8 [computer software]. Los Angeles: Author.
Napier, T. R., Howell, K. H., Schaefer, L. M., & Schwartz, L. E. (2022). Differentiating the effects of anxious and avoidant attachment on depression and resilience following trauma. Journal of American College Health, 70(2), 625–633. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2020.1762605
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2020.1762605
Oshri, A., Rogosch, F. A., & Cicchetti, D. (2013). Child maltreatment and mediating influences of childhood personality types on the development of adolescent psychopathology. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 42(3), 287–301. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2012.715366
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2012.715366
Pearl, J. (2012). The causal mediation formula—a guide to the assessment of pathways and
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21236/ADA557663
mechanisms. Prevention Science, 13, 426-436. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-011-0270-1
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-011-0270-1
Qin, X. (2023). Sample size and power calculations for causal medication analysis: A tutorial and Shiny App. Behavior Research Methods. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-023-02118-0
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-023-02118-0
Ramos, V., Canta, G., de Castro, F., & Leal, I. (2016). The relation between attachment, personality, internalizing, and externalizing dimensions in adolescents with borderline personality disorder. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 80(3), 213-233. https://doi.org/10.1521/bumc.2016.80.3.213
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1521/bumc.2016.80.3.213
Riggs, S. A. (2010). Childhood emotional abuse and the attachment system across the life cycle: What theory and research tell us. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 19(1), 5–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926770903475968
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10926770903475968
Rivera, P. M., Fincham, F. D., & Bray, B. C. (2018). Latent classes of maltreatment: A systematic review and critique. Child Maltreateatment, 23(1), 3-24. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559517728125
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559517728125
Russotti, J., Warmingham, J. M., Duprey, E. B., Handley, E. D., Manly, J. T., Rogosch, F. A., & Cicchetti, D. (2021). Child maltreatment and the development of psychopathology: The role of developmental timing and chronicity. Child Abuse & Neglect, 120, 105215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105215
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105215
Sacchi, C., Vieno, A., & Simonelli, A. (2018). Italian validation of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form on a college group. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice and Policy, 10(5), 563–571. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000333
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000333
Schimmenti, A., & Bifulco, A. (2015). Linking lack of care in childhood to anxiety disorders in emerging adulthood: The role of attachment styles. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 20(1), 41–48. https://doi.org/10.1111/camh.12051
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/camh.12051
Struck, N., Krug, A., Yuksel, D., Stein, F., Schmitt, S., Meller, T., Brosch, K., Dannlowski, U., Nenadić, I., Kircher, T., & Brakemeier, E. L. (2020). Childhood maltreatment and adult mental disorders - the prevalence of different types of maltreatment and associations with age of onset and severity of symptoms. Psychiatry Research, 293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113398
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113398
Toth, S. L., & Cicchetti, D. (2013). A developmental psychopathology perspective on child maltreatment. Child Maltreatment, 18(3), 135–139. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559513500380
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559513500380
Velotti, P., Rogier, G., Beomonte Zobel, S., Chirumbolo, A., & Zavattini, G. C. (2020). The Relation of anxiety and avoidance dimensions of attachment to intimate partner violence: A meta-analysis about perpetrators. Trauma Violence Abuse, 23(1), 196-212. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838020933864
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838020933864
Yang, L., Jia, F. F., Lu, X. Y., & Jia, C. X. (2023). Internalizing and externalizing problems mediate the relationship between maltreatment and self-harm among UK adolescents. Journal of Affective Disorders, 333, 240–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.04.046
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.04.046
Warmingham, J. M., Rogosch, F. A., & Cicchetti, D. (2020). Intergenerational maltreatment and child emotion dysregulation. Child Abuse & Neglect, 102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104377
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104377
Widom, C. S., Czaja, S. J., Kozakowski, S. S., & Chauhan, P. (2018). Does adult attachment style mediate the relationship between childhood maltreatment and mental and physical health outcomes? Child Abuse & Neglect, 76, 533-545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.05.002
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.05.002
World Medical Association. (2001). World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 79(4), 373–374.
Zhang, F., Zhang, S., & Gao, X. (2022). Relationship between socioeconomic status and win-win values: Mediating roles of childhood neglect and self-continuity. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, 882933. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.882933
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.882933
How to Cite
Falgares, G., Costanzo, G., Manna, G., & Lamis, D. A. (2024). Childhood emotional maltreatment and internalizing problems in a non-clinical sample of adolescents: a moderated-mediation model of insecure anxious attachment style and gender. Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome, 27(2). https://doi.org/10.4081/ripppo.2024.745
Copyright (c) 2024 the Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
PAGEPress has chosen to apply the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) to all manuscripts to be published.
Similar Articles
- Attà Negri, Christopher Christian, Rachele Mariani, Luca Belotti, Giovanbattista Andreoli, Kerri Danskin, Linguistic features of the therapeutic alliance in the first session: a psychotherapy process study , Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome: Vol. 22 No. 1 (2019)
- Cheri L. Marmarosh, Chiara Abbatelli, Molly Tulipan, Jasmine Kaleka, Jordan Ohanesian, Charlotte Howson, Carrying Jeremy Safran into sessions: relying on internal representations of researchers to facilitate emotion regulation, clinical intervention, and self-efficacy , Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome: Vol. 22 No. 1 (2019)
- Deborah Badoud, Eva Rüfenacht, Martin Debbané, Nader Perroud, Mentalization-based treatment for adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a pilot study , Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome: Vol. 21 No. 3 (2018)
- Diego Rocco, Vincenzo Calvo, Vito Agrosì, Francesca Bergami, Luce Maria Busetto, Silvia Marin, Giovanna Pezzetta, Luca Rossi, Lorenzo Zuccotti, Allan Abbass, Intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy provided by novice psychotherapists: effects on symptomatology and psychological structure in patients with anxiety disorders , Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome: Vol. 24 No. 1 (2021)
- Jung Ki Kim, Eileen M. Crimmins, Age differences in the relationship between threatening and coping mechanisms and preventive behaviors in the time of COVID-19 in the United States: Protection Motivation Theory , Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome: Vol. 23 No. 3 (2020)
- Franco Del Corno, Further reflections about the document: Psychotherapy for Anxiety and Depression: benefits and costs , Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome: Vol. 20 No. 2 (2017)
- Pedro Rodrigues Ribeiro, David Dias Neto, The real relationship: the Portuguese version of the Real Relationship Inventory-Client form , Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome: Vol. 26 No. 2 (2023)
- Raffaele Popolo, Angus MacBeth, Stefano Brunello, Flaviano Canfora, Ercan Ozdemir, Daniela Rebecchi, Cecilia Toselli, Gloria Venturelli, Giampaolo Salvatore, Giancarlo Dimaggio, Metacognitive interpersonal therapy in group: a feasibility study , Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome: Vol. 21 No. 3 (2018)
- Orlando Silvestro, Carmelo M. Vicario, Ludovico Costa, Giorgio Sparacino, Trine Lund-Jacobsen, Chiara A. M. Spatola, Emanuele M. Merlo, Anna Viola, Concetto M. Giorgianni, Antonino Catalano, Walter Fries, Gianluca Lo Coco, Gabriella Martino, Defense mechanisms and inflammatory bowel diseases: a narrative review , Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome: Online Advance Publication
You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.
