https://doi.org/10.4081/ripppo.2021.547
Dreaming during lockdown: a quali-quantitative analysis of the Italian population dreams during the first COVID-19 pandemic wave
Submitted: April 3, 2021
Accepted: July 13, 2021
Published: August 24, 2021
Accepted: July 13, 2021
Abstract Views: 3227
PDF: 761
HTML: 93
HTML: 93
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Authors
This study aims to explore the emotional experiences related to the lockdown during the first pandemic wave, analysing the dreams of the Italian population. Through an online survey spread throughout the country, participants completed the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21), the Resilience Scale (RS) and were asked to narrate a dream they had during the lockdown. The dreams were qualitatively analysed through the thematic content analysis. Logistic regression analyses were then conducted to verify the relationship among the categories that emerged and between these categories and the DASS-21 and RS scores. In the dreams 8 categories were identified (Places, Characters, Relationships, Actions, Danger, Death, Processes, and Emotions) composed of specific sub-categories, which seem to compose a sort of narrative structure of the dream. Some sub-categories were found to be predictor of depression and resilience or with exposure to COVID-19. Dreams can be a valid tool both to understand the experiences of the population during the pandemic and to evaluate those at risk of developing distress in clinical practice.
Barrett, D. (2001). Trauma and dreams. Harvard: Harvard University Press.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1ns7nqg
Barrett, D. (2017). Dreams and creative problem‐solving. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1406(1), 64-67. doi: 10.1111/nyas.13412.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13412
Boyatzis, R. E. (1998). Transforming qualitative information: Thematic analysis and code development. Newcastle upon Tyme: Sage.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. doi: 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Cartwright, R. D. (2010). The twenty-four hour mind: The role of sleep and dreaming in our emotional lives. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Davidson, J., & Lynch, S. (2012). Thematic, literal and associative dream imagery following a high-impact event. Dreaming, 22(1), 58-69. doi: 10.1037/a0026273.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026273
Domhoff, G. W. (1996). Finding meaning in dreams: A quantitative approach. Berlin: Springer.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0298-6
Domhoff, G. W. (2003). The scientific study of dreams: Neural networks, cognitive development, and content analysis. American Psychological Association.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/10463-000
Franceschini, C., Musetti, A., Zenesini, C., Palagini, L., Pelosi, A., Quattropani, M. C., Lenzo, V., Freda, M. F., Lemmo, D., Vegni, E., Borghi, L., Saita, E., Cattivelli, R., De Gennaro, L., Plazzi, G., Riemann, D., Castelnuovo, G. (2020). Poor quality of sleep and its consequences on mental health during COVID-19 lockdown in Italy. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1-16. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.574475.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.574475
Fogli, A., Maria Aiello, L., & Quercia, D. (2020). Our dreams, our selves: automatic analysis of dream reports. Royal Society Open Science, 7(8), 1-19. doi: 10.1098/rsos.192080.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.192080
Gazzetta ufficiale (2021). Decreto del Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri 8 marzo 2020. (8th March). Available from: https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/eli/id/2020/03/08/20A01522/sg
Girtler, N. C. E. F., Casari, E. F., Brugnolo, A., Cutolo, M., Dessi, B., Guasco, S., Olmi, C., & De Carli, F. (2010). Italian validation of the Wagnild and Young Resilience Scale: a perspective to rheumatic diseases. Clinical & Experimental Rheumatology, 28(5), 669-78.
Goelitz, A. (2001). Nurturing life with dreams: Therapeutic dream work with cancer patients. Clinical Social Work Journal, 29(4), 375-385. doi: 10.1023/A:1012219314370.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012219314370
Gorgoni, M., Scarpelli, S., Alfonsi, V., Annarumma, L., Cordone, S., Stravolo, S., & De Gennaro, L. (2021). Pandemic Dreams: quantitative and qualitative features of the oneiric activity during the lockdown due to COVID-19 in Italy. Sleep medicine, 81, 20-32. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2021.02.006.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2021.02.006
Hartmann, E., & Basile, R. (2003). Dream imagery becomes more intense after 9/11/01. Dreaming, 13(2), 61-66. doi: 10.1023/A:1023398924124.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023398924124
Lenzo, V., Quattropani, M. C., Musetti, A., Zenesini, C., Freda, M. F., Lemmo, D., Vegni, E., Borghi, L., Plazzi, G., Castelnuovo, G., Cattivelli, R., Saita, E., & Franceschini, C. (2020). Resilience contributes to low emotional impact of the COVID-19 outbreak among the general population in Italy. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1-12. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.576485.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.576485
Levin, R., & Fireman, G. (2002). Nightmare prevalence, nightmare distress, and self-reported psychological disturbance. Sleep, 25(2), 205-212. doi: 10.1093/sleep/25.2.205.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/25.2.205
Liu, Q., Luo, D., Haase, J. E., Guo, Q., Wang, X. Q., Liu, S., Xia, L, Liu, Z., Yang, J., & Yang, B. X. (2020). The experiences of health-care providers during the COVID-19 crisis in China: a qualitative study. The Lancet Global Health, 8(6), 790-798. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30204-7.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30204-7
Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behaviour research and therapy, 33(3), 335-343. doi: 10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-u.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-U
Mazza, C., Ricci, E., Biondi, S., Colasanti, M., Ferracuti, S., Napoli, C., & Roma, P. (2020). A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Italian people during the COVID-19 pandemic: immediate psychological responses and associated factors. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(9), 1-14. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17093165.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093165
MacKay, C., & DeCicco, T. L. (2020). Pandemic dreaming: The effect of COVID-19 on dream imagery, a pilot study. Dreaming, 30(3), 222-234. doi: 10.1037/drm0000148.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000148
Mota, N. B., Weissheimer, J., Ribeiro, M., de Paiva, M., Avilla-Souza, J., Simabucuru, G., Chaves, M.F., Cecchi, L., Cirne, J., Cecchi, G., Rodrigues, C., Copelli, M., Ribeiro, S. (2020). Dreaming during the Covid-19 pandemic: Computational assessment of dream reports reveals mental suffering related to fear of contagion. PLoS One, 15(11), 1-19. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242903.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242903
Musetti, A., Franceschini, C., Pingani, L., Freda, M. F., Saita, E., Vegni, E., Zenesini, C., Quattropani, M., Lenzo, V., Margherita, G., Lemmo, D., Corsano, P., Borghi, L., Cattivelli, R., Plazzi, G., Castelnuovo, G., Somer, E., Schimmenti, A. (2021). Maladaptive daydreaming in an adult Italian population during the COVID-19 lockdown. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 1-10. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.631979.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.631979
Najam, N., Mansoor, A., Kanwal, R. H., & Naz, S. (2006). Dream content: Reflections of the emotional and psychological states of earthquake survivors. Dreaming, 16(4), 237-245. doi: 10.1037/1053-0797.16.4.237.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.16.4.237
Pesant, N., & Zadra, A. (2006). Dream content and psychological well‐being: A longitudinal study of the continuity hypothesis. Journal of clinical psychology, 62(1), 111-121. doi: 10.1002/jclp.20212.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20212
Pfefferbaum, B., & North, C. S. (2020). Mental health and the Covid-19 pandemic. New England Journal of Medicine, 383(6), 510-512. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp2008017.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2008017
Rajkumar, R. P. (2020). COVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature. Asian journal of psychiatry, 52, 1-5. doi: 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102066.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102066
Rossi, R., Socci, V., Talevi, D., Mensi, S., Niolu, C., Pacitti, F., Di Marco, A., Rossi, A., Siracusano, A., & Di Lorenzo, G. D. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown measures impact on mental health among the general population in Italy. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1-6. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00790.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00790
Salari, N., Hosseinian-Far, A., Jalali, R., Vaisi-Raygani, A., Rasoulpoor, S., Mohammadi, M., Rasoulpoor, S., & Khaledi-Paveh, B. (2020). Prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Globalization and health, 16(1), 1-11. doi: 10.1186/s12992-020-00589-w.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-020-00589-w
Scarpelli, S., Alfonsi, V., Mangiaruga, A., Musetti, A., Quattropani, M. C., Lenzo, V., Freda, M., Lemmo, D., Vegni, E., Borghi, L., Saita, E., Cattivelli, R., Castelnuovo, G., Plazzi, G., De Gennaro, L., & Franceschini, C. (2021). Pandemic nightmares: Effects on dream activity of the COVID‐19 lockdown in Italy. Journal of Sleep Research, 1-10. doi: 10.1111/jsr.13300.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.13300
Schredl, M., & Bulkeley, K. (2020). Dreaming and the COVID-19 pandemic: A survey in a US sample. Dreaming, 30(3), 189-198. doi: 10.1037/drm0000146.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000146
Schredl, M., & Engelhardt, H. (2001). Dreaming and psychopathology: dream recall and dream content of psychiatric inpatients. Sleep and Hypnosis, 3(1), 44-54.
Sun, N., Wei, L., Wang, H., Wang, X., Gao, M., Hu, X., & Shi, S. (2021). Qualitative study of the psychological experience of COVID-19 patients during hospitalization. Journal of affective disorders, 278, 15-22. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.040.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.040
Vindegaard, N., & Benros, M. E. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence. Brain, behavior, and immunity, 89, 531-542. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.048.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.048
Wagnild, G. M., & Young, H. M. (1993). Development and psychometric. Journal of nursing measurement, 1(2), 165-178. doi: 10.1016/j.tipsro.2017.06.003.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tipsro.2017.06.003
World Health Organization. (2020). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Situation report. (March 12nd). Available from: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200731-covid-19-sitrep-193.pdf?sfvrsn=42a0221d_4
How to Cite
Borghi, L., Bonazza, F., Lamiani, G., Musetti, A., Manari, T., Filosa, M., … Franceschini, C. . (2021). Dreaming during lockdown: a quali-quantitative analysis of the Italian population dreams during the first COVID-19 pandemic wave. Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome, 24(2). https://doi.org/10.4081/ripppo.2021.547
Copyright (c) 2021 the Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
PAGEPress has chosen to apply the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) to all manuscripts to be published.
Similar Articles
- Giorgio Gabriele Alberti, Anna Martorano, Bruno Martorano, The Competing Influences of Initial Depressive Symptomatology and Early Alliance on Early Outcome: A Preliminary Study , Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome: Vol. 16 No. 2 (2013)
- Wilma Bucci, The Referential Process as a Common Factor Across Treatment Modalities , Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome: Vol. 16 No. 1 (2013)
- Andrea Pozza, Nicole L. Angelo, Davide Prestia, Davide Dèttore, The role of disgust propensity and sensitivity on sexual excitation and inhibition in obsessive-compulsive disorder , Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome: Vol. 22 No. 3 (2019)
- Omar Carlo Gioacchino Gelo, Silvia Salcuni, Antonello Colli, Text Analysis within Quantitative and Qualitative Psychotherapy Process Research: Introduction to Special Issue , Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome: Vol. 15 No. 2 (2012)
- Paula Dagnino, Mariane Krause, Carola Pérez, Nelson Valdès, Alemka Tomicic, The Evolution of Communicative Intentions During Change Episodes and Throughout the Therapeutic Process , Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome: Vol. 15 No. 2 (2012)
- Viktoria Heine, Fritz Schultze, Michael Koehler, Joerg Frommer, From Life-Threatening Experiences to Ideas of Rescue: Coping with “Trajectories of Suffering†in Adult Acute Leukaemia Survivors , Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome: Vol. 15 No. 2 (2012)
- Marcia Olhaberry, María José León, Catalina Sieverson, Marta Escobar, Daniela Iribarren, Irma Morales-Reyes, Constanza Mena, Fanny Leyton, Is it possible to improve early childhood development with a video-feedback intervention directed at the mother-father-child triad? , Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome: Vol. 22 No. 2 (2019)
- Nino Dazzi, Some critical considerations about the document Psychotherapies for Anxiety and Depression: benefits and costs , Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome: Vol. 20 No. 2 (2017)
- Juliana Beatriz Stover, Alejandro Castro Solano, Mercedes Fernández Liporace, Dysfunctional personality traits: relationship with Five Factor Model, adaptation and symptomatology in a community sample from Buenos Aires , Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome: Vol. 22 No. 2 (2019)
- Olga Fernández González, J. Carola Pérez, Mariane Krause, The relation between the therapeutic alliance and communicative intentions in therapeutic interaction during the initial phase of adolescent therapy , Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome: Vol. 22 No. 2 (2019)
<< < 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 > >>
You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.
