https://doi.org/10.4081/ripppo.2020.457
Empathy as core to the development of holding and recognition: the case of Garret
Submitted: March 16, 2020
Accepted: June 13, 2020
Published: September 18, 2020
Accepted: June 13, 2020
Abstract Views: 1346
PDF: 665
HTML: 28
HTML: 28
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Authors
Heinz Kohut investigated empathy in psychoanalysis in the mid-1950s and found it to be a powerful way to connect to, and be with, his patients. Since then, relatively few recent clinical cases of empathy have emerged, while theoretical discussion of empathy seems to be the norm. Moreover, empathy has not been linked to the development of holding and recognition. The Winnicottian notion of the holding metaphor, which describes the mother holding her infant, has been controversial but continues to be used in therapy. Revised by relational theorists, holding is now viewed as co-created within the intersubjective space. Few recent clinical cases exist showing how and what holding looks like in therapy. The concept of recognition, also used in therapy, is defined as the ability to recognize and experience the other as a separate other. Clinical cases showing recognition in therapy are few in number. As far as I know, no clinical cases suggest that empathy is necessary before holding and recognition can emerge. In this paper, identifying these clinical case gaps in the literature, I describe a small verbatim section of a session with my patient, Garret, in which I attempt to; i) show the empathic process, thus adding to the scarcity of clinical cases, and, ii) show the experience of holding and recognition as they emerge in this case, and iii) suggest that empathy is a necessary core process to the development of the experience of holding and recognition.
Aron, L. (1991). The patient’s experience of the analyst’s subjectivity. Psychoanalytic Dialogue, 1, 29–51.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10481889109538884
Aron, L. (1992). Interpretation as expression of the analyst’s subjectivity. Psychoanalytic Dialogue, 2, 475–508.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10481889209538947
Aron, L. (1996). A meeting of minds. Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press.
Aron, L. (2019). Discussion of “Bread and Roses: Empathy and recognition”. Psychoanalytic Dialogue, 29,1, 92-102.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10481885.2018.1560864
Atlas, G., & Aron, L. (2018). Dramatic dialogue: Contemporary clinical practice. New York, NY: Routledge.
Bacal, H. A. (1990). The elements of a corrective selfobject experience. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 10, 347–372.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07351690.1990.10399611
Balint, M. (1968). The basic fault. London, UK: Tavistock.
Bassin, D., M. Honey, & M. M. Kaplan (Eds). (1994). Representations of Motherhood. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Benjamin, J. (1995). Like subjects, love objects. New Haven. Yale University Press.
Benjamin, J. (1988). The bonds of love: Psychoanalysis, feminism and the problem of domination. New York, NY: Pantheon.
Benjamin, J. (2018). Beyond doer and done to: Recognition theory, intersubjectivity and the third. New York, NY: Routledge.
Bion, W. (1962). A theory of thinking. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 43, 306–310.
Bollas, C. (1978). The transformational object. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 60, 97–107.
Burke, W. F. (1992). Countertransference disclosure and the asymmetry / mutuality dilemma. Psychoanalytic Dialogue, 2, 241–271.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10481889209538931
Chodorow, N. (1978). The reproduction of mothering. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520924086
Fosshage, J. (1997). Listening/experiencing perspectives and the quest for a facilitating responsiveness. In A. I. Goldberg, (Ed.). Progress in self psychology: Conversations in self psychology, (pp. 33–55). Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press.
Geist, R. A. (2007), Who are you, who am I, and where are we going: Sustained empathic immersion in the opening phase of psychoanalytic treatment. International Journal of Psychoanalytic Self Psychology, 2, 1–26.
Geist, R. A. (2010), Connectedness, permeable boundaries, and the development of the
self: Therapeutic implications. International Journal of Psychoanalytic Self Psychology, 3, 29–152.
Geist, R. A. (2013). How the empathic process heals: A microprocess perspective. International Journal of Psychoanalytic Self Psychology, 8,3, 265-281.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15551024.2013.800357
Grant, D and Harari, E. (2011). Empathy in psychoanalytic theory and practice. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 31, 3 - 16.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07351690.2010.512844
Hoffman, I. Z. (1991). Discussion: Toward a social-constructivist view of the psychoanalytic situation. Psychoanalytic Dialogue, 1, 74–105.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10481889109538886
Kohut, H. (1959). Introspection, empathy, and psychoanalysis. Journal of American Psychoanalysis Association, 7, 459–483.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/000306515900700304
Kohut, H. (1981). On empathy. In P. H. Ornstein, (Ed.). (1978). The Search for the Self: Selected Writings of Heinz Kohut, 1978–1981, Vol. 4, (pp. 525–536). Madison, CT: International Universities Press.
Kohut, H. (1984). How does analysis cure? Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226006147.001.0001
Loewald, H. (1960). On the therapeutic action of psycho-analysis. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 41,16–33.
Mitchell, S. A. (2000). Relationality: From attachment to intersubjectivity. Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press.
Ornstein, P. (2011). The centrality of empathy in psychoanalysis. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 31, 437–447.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07351690.2011.552047
Pillsbury, S. (2019). Mutual Empathy: Imagined symbol and realization in the treatment of trauma. Psychoanalysis, Self and Context. 14(3), 247–255.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/24720038.2019.1602135
Slochower, J. (1996). Holding and psychoanalysis: A relational perspective. Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press.
Slochower, J. (2006). Psychoanalytic Collisions. Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press.
Slochower, J. (2011). Holding, collaborating, colliding: A cross theoretical conversation. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 31, 501–512.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07351690.2011.552053
Slochower, J. (2014). Holding and psychoanalysis: A relational perspective, second edition. London, UK: Routledge.
Slavin, M. & Kriegman, D. (1998/2005). Why the analyst needs to change: Toward a theory of conflict, negotiation, and mutual influence in the therapeutic process. In L. Aron & A. Harris, (Eds.).
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10481889809539246
Relational Psychoanalysis; Volume II: Innovation and Expansion. New York, NY: Routledge.
Stern, D. (1997). Unformulated experience: From dissociation to imagination in psychoanalysis. Hillsdale, N.J: The Analytic Press.
Stern, D. (1992). Commentary on constructivism in clinical psychoanalysis. Psychoanalytic Dialogue, 3, 331–364.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10481889209538937
Stolorow, R., Atwood, G. & Orange, D. (2002). Worlds of experience. New York, NY: Basic Books.
Tansey, M. J. (1992). Psychoanalytic expertise. Psychoanalytic Dialogue, 2, 305–316.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10481889209538935
Winnicott, D. W. (1955). Metapsychological and clinical aspects of regression within the psychoanalytic relationship. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 36, 16–26.
Winnicott, D. W. (1960). The theory of the parent-infant relationship. In D. Winnicott, (1965). The maturational processes and the facilitating environment, (pp. 37-55). New York, NY: International Universities Press.
Winnicott, D. W. (1971). Playing and reality. New York, NY: Basic Books.
How to Cite
Knight, Z. G. (2020). Empathy as core to the development of holding and recognition: the case of Garret. Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome, 23(2). https://doi.org/10.4081/ripppo.2020.457
PAGEPress has chosen to apply the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) to all manuscripts to be published.
Similar Articles
- Khalid K. Abdul-Razzak, Mohammad J. Alkhatatbeh, Nightmares and bad dreams among individuals with musculoskeletal pain: a link to vitamin D and calcium , Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome: Vol. 24 No. 2 (2021): SPECIAL ISSUE "Working on dreams, from psychotherapy to neuroscience"
- Laura Parolin, Alberto Milesi, Giovanni Comelli, Francesca Locati, The interplay of mentalization and epistemic trust: a protective mechanism against emotional dysregulation in adolescent internalizing symptoms , Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome: Vol. 26 No. 3 (2023)
- Immacolata Zarrella, Luigi Alessandro Russolillo, Giorgio Caviglia, Raffaella Perrella, Continuity and discontinuity between psychopathology of childhood and adulthood: a review on retrospective and prospective studies , Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome: Vol. 20 No. 2 (2017)
- Irene Messina, Pietro Spataro, Alessandro Grecucci, Danielle M. Moskow, Cristina Marogna, Stefan G. Hofmann, Interpersonal emotion regulation questionnaire: psychometric properties of the Italian version and associations with psychopathology , Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome: Vol. 25 No. 2 (2022)
- Cristina Marogna, Emanuele Montanari, Silvio Contiero, Klodjana Lleshi, Dreaming during COVID-19: the effects of a world trauma , Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome: Vol. 24 No. 2 (2021): SPECIAL ISSUE "Working on dreams, from psychotherapy to neuroscience"
- Guido Veronese, Giovanni Maria Ruggiero, Sandra Sassaroli, Marco Castiglioni, Minaccia dellautostima e fantasie grandiose nel narcisismo non patologico , Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome: Vol. 12 No. 1-2 (2009)
- Chiara Rossi, Francesca De Salve, Martina Agliati, Osmano Oasi , Coping strategies and mental health: A web-based survey among the Italian population dealing with COVID-19 , Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome: Vol. 25 No. 2 (2022)
- Zelda Gillian Knight, Psychotherapy with two late adulthood children of the colonies , Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome: Vol. 20 No. 3 (2017)
- Nicola Carone, Ilaria Maria Antonietta Benzi, Laura Muzi, Laura Antonia Lucia Parolin, Andrea Fontana, Problematic internet use in emerging adulthood to escape from maternal helicopter parenting: defensive functioning as a mediating mechanism , Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome: Vol. 26 No. 3 (2023)
- Jessica L. Borelli, Lyric N. Russo, Jose Arreola, Breana R. Cervantes, Christina M. Marquez, Gloria Montiel, Vanessa Avalos, Jacqueline Carballo, Jackie Garcia, Isha Bhatt, Gina Torres, Francisca Leal, Nancy Guerra, Saving a seat at the table for community members: co-creating an attachment-based intervention for low-income Latinx parent-youth dyads using a promotor/a model , Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome: Vol. 25 No. 1 (2022)
<< < 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 > >>
You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.
