https://doi.org/10.4081/ripppo.2020.442
Relationships between emotional schemas, mindfulness, self-compassion and unconditional self-acceptance on the regulation of psychological needs
Submitted: December 4, 2019
Accepted: June 3, 2020
Published: September 17, 2020
Accepted: June 3, 2020
Abstract Views: 4630
PDF: 1814
HTML: 269
HTML: 269
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Authors
Emotional schemas are pervasive mental structures associated with a wide array of psychological symptoms, while mindfulness, self-compassion, and self-acceptance are viewed as adaptive psychological constructs. Psychological needs may be described as the cornerstone of mental health and well-being. However, a study of the relationships between emotional schemas, mindfulness, self-compassion, and self-acceptance with psychological needs was not performed. For this purpose, 250 subjects (M=20.67, SD=4.88, Male=33, Female=217), were evaluated through self-report questionnaires, in a cross-sectional design. Negative correlations were found between emotional schemas, mindfulness, self-compassion, unconditional self-acceptance, and psychological needs. Symptomatology was positively correlated with emotional schemas. Mindfulness, self-compassion, and unconditional self-acceptance predicted the regulation of psychological needs and mediated the relationship between emotional schemas and psychological needs. Emotional schemas may be associated with a tendency for experiential avoidance of internal reality, self-rejection/shame and self-criticism which may impair the regulation of psychological needs. These variables may be targets of integrative case conceptualization and clinical decision making focused on patient’s timings, styles of communication and needs.
Bardeen, J. R., & Fergus, T. A. (2016). The interactive effect of cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance on anxiety, depression, stress and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 5(1), 1-6. doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2016.02.002
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2016.02.002
Barreira, J. (2016). Relações entre dificuldades de processamento emocional, regulação emocional, necessidades psicológicas, sintomatologia e bem-estar/distress. [Relationship between emotional processing difficulties, emotional regulation, psychological needs, symptomatology, and well-being/distress.] Master thesis in Faculty of Psychology of University of Lisbon.
Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: Guilford Press.
Canavarro, M. C. (1999). Inventário de sintomas psicopatológicos –BSI. In M. R. Simões, M. Gonçalves, L. S. Almeida (Eds.), Testes e Provas Psicológicas em Portugal (Vol. II, pp.95-109). Braga: APPORT/SHO.
Castilho, P., Pinto-Gouveia, J., & Duarte, J., (2015). Evaluating the Multifactor Structure of the Long and Short Versions of the Self-Compassion Scale in a Clinical Sample. Journal of Clinical Psychology, Vol. 00(0), 1–15.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22187
Castelo-Branco, M. (2016). Relações entre regulação emocional, regulação da satisfação das necessidades psicológicas, bem-estar/distress psicológicos e sintomatologia. Master thesis in the Faculty of Psychology of University of Lisbon. [Relationships between emotional regulation, regulation of the satisfaction of psychological needs, psychological well-being/distress and symptomatology].
Chiesa, A. and Serretti, A. (2009) Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Stress Management in Healthy People: A Review and Meta-Analysis. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 15, 593-600.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2008.0495
Conde, E., Vasco, A. B., Ferreira, A., Romão, A. R., Silva, G., Sol, A., & Vargues-Conceição, C. (2012). Regulação da satisfação de necessidades psicológicas: Influência no bem-estar e distress psicológicos e na sintomatologia de acordo com o modelo de complementaridade paradigmática. Lisbon: Faculdade de Psicologia da Universidade de Lisboa. [Regulation of satisfaction of psychological needs: Influence on psychological wellbeing and distress and symptomatology according to the paradigmatic complementarity metamodel].
Conceição, N., & Vasco, A. B. (2005). Olhar para as necessidades como boi para um palácio: Perplexidades e fascínio. Psychologica, 40, 55-73.
Costa, J., & Pinto Gouveia, J. (2011). Acceptance of pain. Self-compassion and psychopathology: Using the Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire to identify patients' subgroups. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 18, 292–302.
Edwards, E. R., Micek, A. Monttarella, K., & Wupperman. P. (2016). Emotion Ideology Mediates the Effects of Risk Factors on Alexithymia Development. Journal of Rational-Emotional Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 35:254–277.
Edwards, E., & Wupperman. P. (2018). Research on emotional schemas: A review of findings and challenges, Clinical Psychologist.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cp.12171
Elliott, R., Watson, J. C., Goldman, R. N., & Greenberg, L. S. (2004). Learning Emotion-Focused Therapy: The Process-Experiential Approach to Change.Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Ellis, A. (1994). Reason and emotion in psychotherapy: Revised and updated. New York: Carol Publishing Group.
Faustino, B. (in press). Transdiagnostic Perspective on Psychological Inflexibility and Emotional Dysregulation
Faustino, B., Vasco. A. B., Dimaggio, G., Silva. A. N, Seromenho, S. & Matos. M. (in press). Self-assessment of States of Mind: Development and Psychometric Study of the States of Mind Questionnaire.
Faustino, B., Fonseca, I., Antonio, A. B., Bai~ao, M., Lopes, P., & Oliveira (2019). Esquemas Precoces Mal-adaptativos e Dificuldades Emocionais na Regulaç~ao das Necessidades Psicológicas: Um estudo com indicadores comportamentais, Revista de Psicossomática ISSN –2183-9344, 4. [Early Maladaptive Schemas and Emotional Difficulties on Regulation of Psychological Needs: A study with behavioral indicators].
Faustino, B., & Vasco, A. B. (2020a). Schematic functioning, interpersonal dysfunctional cycles and cognitive fusion in the complementary paradigmatic perspective: Analysis of a clinical sample. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 1(50), 47–55.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10879-019-09422-x
Faustino, B., & Vasco, A. B. (2020b). Early maladaptive schemas and cognitive fusion on the regulation of psychological needs. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 1(50), 105–112.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10879-019-09446-3
Faustino, B., & Vasco, A. B. (2020c). Relationships between emotional processing difficulties and early maladaptive schemas on the regulation of psychological needs. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2464
Fonseca, J. M. (2012). Relação entre a regulação da satisfação das necessidades psicológicas, funcionamento esquemático e alexithymia. Lisbon: Faculdade de Psicologia. [Relationship between the regulation of satisfaction of psychological needs, schematic functioning and alexithymia].
Gilbert, P. (Ed.). (2005). Compassion: Conceptualizations, research and use in psychotherapy. New York, NY, US: Routledge.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203003459
Gilbert, P. (2010). Compassion focused therapy: distinctive features. The CBT distinctive features series. London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 9780415448079. OCLC 463971957.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203851197
Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Matos, M., & Rivis, A. (2011). Fears of compassion: Development of three self-report measures. Psychology & Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice.
Gillanders, D. T., Bolderston, H., Bond, F. W., Dempster, M., Flaxman, P. E., Campbell, L., Kerr, S., Tansey, L., Noel, P., Ferenbach, C., Masley, S., Roach, L., Lloyd, J., May, L., Clarke, S., & Remington, R. (2014). The development and initial validation of The Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire. Behavior Therapy, 45, 83 –101.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2013.09.001
Goldberg, S. B., Tucker, R. P., Greene, P. A., Davidson, R. J., Wampold, B. E., Kearney, D. J., & Simpson, T. L. (2018). Mindfulness-based interventions for psychiatric disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical psychology review, 59, 52–60.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.10.011
Greenberg, L. S. (2015). Emotion-Focused Therapy: Coaching Clients to Work Through Their Feelings. 2º ed. American Psychological Association.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/14692-000
Gross, J. J. (2002). Emotion regulation: Affective, cognitive, and social consequences. Psychophysiology, 39, 281-291.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0048577201393198
Gross, J. J. (2014). Emotion Regulation: empirical foundations. In J. Gross, Handbook of Emotion Regulation (2nd ed., pp. 3-20). New York: The Guilford Press
Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York:Guilford Press.
Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., & Wilson, K. G. (2011). Acceptance and commitment therapy: The process and practice of mindful change (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Hofmann, S. G., Sawyer, A. T., Witt, A. A., & Oh, D. (2010). The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on anxiety and depression: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78(2), 169-183.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018555
Kabat-Zinn, J. (1982). An Outpatient Program in Behavioral Medicine for Chronic Pain Patients Based on the Practice of Mindfulness Meditation: Theoretical Considerations and Preliminary Results. General Hospital Psychiatry, 4, 33-47.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0163-8343(82)90026-3
Kabat-Zinn, J. (1994). Wherever you go, there you are: Mindfulness meditation in everyday life. New York: Hyperion
Leahy, R. L. (2007). Emotional Schemas and Resistance to Change in Anxiety Disorders. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice 14, 36-45.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2006.08.001
Leahy, R. L., Tirch, D., & Napolitano, L. A. (2011). Emotion Regulation in Psychotherapy. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Leahy, R. L. (2015). Emotional schema therapy. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Leahy, R. L., Edwards, E., Wupperman. P., & Molina. N., (2018). Metacognition and Emotional Schemas: Effects on Depression and Anxiety, International Journal of Cognitive Therapy.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41811-018-0035-8
Linehan, M. M. (1993). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. NewYork, NY: Guilford Press.
MacBeth, A., & Gumley, A. (2012). Exploring compassion: a meta-analysis of the association between self-compassion and psychopathology. Clinical psychology review, 32(6), 545–552.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2012.06.003
Martins, R. (2016). Relações entre esquemas interpessoais, mecanismos de defesa, necessidades psicológicas, sintomatologia, bem-estar e distress psicológico. Lisbon: Faculdade de Psicologia da Universidade de Lisboa. [Relations between interpersonal schemes, mechanisms of defense, psychological needs, symptomatology, Well-being and psychological distress].
Neff, K. D. (2003). Self-compassion: an alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2, 85–102
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309032
Neff, K. D., Hseih, Y., & Dejitthirat, K. (2005). Self-compassion, achievement goals, and coping with academic failure. Self and Identity, 4, 263–287
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13576500444000317
Norcross, J. C., & Lambert, M. J. (2011). Evidence-based therapy relationships. In J. C. Norcross (Ed.), Psychotherapy relationships that work: Evidence-based responsiveness (2nd edn., pp. 3–21). New York: Oxford University Press.
Palmeira, L., Pinto-Gouveia, P., Dinis, A., & Lourenço. S. (2011). O papel dos Emotional Schemas na transgeracionalidade do processo de socialização das emoções negativas. Avaliação Psicológica em Contexto Clínico, 54, 439-646.
Pascual-Leone, A., & Greenberg, L. S. (2007). Emotional processing in experiential therapy: Why "the only way out is through." Journal of Consulting and ClinicalPsychology, 75(6), 875-887.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.75.6.875
Popov, S. (2019). When is Unconditional Self-Acceptance a Better Predictor of Mental Health than Self-Esteem? Journal of Rational-Emotive Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 37, 251–261.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-018-0310-x
Popov, S., Biro, M., & Radanović, J. (2016). Unconditional self-acceptance and mental health in ego-provoking experimental context. Suvremena psihologija, 19(1), 71–80.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21465/2016-SP-191-06
Raes, F. (2011). The effect of self-compassion on the development of depression symptoms in a non-clinical sample. Mindfulness, 2, 33–36.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-011-0040-y
Raque-Bogdan, T. L., Ericson, S. K., Jackson, J., Martin, H. M., & Bryan, N. A. (2011). Attachment and mental and physical health: Self compassion and mattering as mediators. Journal of Counselling Psychology, 58, 272–278.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023041
Silberstein, L. R., Tirch, D., Leahy, R. L., & McGinn, L. (2012). Mindfulness, psychological flexibility, and emotional schemas. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 5(4), 406-419.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1521/ijct.2012.5.4.406
Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., & Teasdale, J. D. (2013). Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy for Depression. New York: Guilford Press.
Strauss. C., Cavanagh. K., Oliver. A., & Pettman. D. (2014). Mindfulness-Based Interventions for People Diagnosed with a Current Episode of an Anxiety or Depressive Disorder: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials. PLoS ONE 9(4).
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0096110
Tirch, D. D., Leahy, R. L., Silberstein, L. R., & Melwani, P. S. (2012). Emotional schemas, psychological flexibility, and anxiety: the role of flexible response patterns to anxious arousal. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 5 (4):380-91.
Thimm, J. C. (2017). Relationships between Early Maladaptive Schemas, Mindfulness, Self-compassion and Psychological Distress. International Journal of Psychology & Psychological Therapy, 17, 1-15.
Vasco, A. B. (2001). Fundamentos para um modelo integrativo de “complementaridade paradigmática.” Psicologia, XV(2), 219–226. [Fundamentals for an integrative model of "paradigmatic complementarity"].
Vasco, A. B. (2005). A conceptualização de caso no modelo de complementaridade paradigmática: variedade e integração. Psychologica, 40, 11-36
Vasco, A. B. (2013). Sinto e Penso, logo Existo! Abordagem Integrativa das Emoções. Revista Serviço de Psiquiatria do Hospital Prof Doutor Fernando Fonseca, EPE. 11. 1. Lisboa: Psilogos [Integrative Approach to Emotions].
Vasco, A. B., Conceição, N., Silva, A. N., Ferreira, J. F., & Vaz-Velho, C. (2018). O (meta)modelo de complementaridade paradigmática (MCP). In I. Leal (Ed.), Psicoterapias. Lisbon: Pactor. [Paradigmatic Complementarity Metamodel].
Westphal, M., Leahy, R. L., Pala, A. N., & Wupperman. P (2016). Self-compassion and emotional invalidation mediate the effects of parental indifference on psychopathology. Psychiatry Research, 242, 186-191.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.05.040
Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S., & Weishaar, M. E. (2003). Schema therapy: A practitioner’s guide. New York: Guilford Press.
How to Cite
Faustino, B., Vasco, A. B., Silva, A. N., & Marques, T. (2020). Relationships between emotional schemas, mindfulness, self-compassion and unconditional self-acceptance on the regulation of psychological needs. Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome, 23(2). https://doi.org/10.4081/ripppo.2020.442
PAGEPress has chosen to apply the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) to all manuscripts to be published.
Similar Articles
- Osmano Oasi, Simone Maggio, Sara Pacella, Sara Molgora, Dropout and narcissism: an exploratory research about situational factors and personality variables of the psychotherapist , Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome: Vol. 22 No. 2 (2019)
You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.
