https://doi.org/10.4081/ripppo.2020.412
Psychological factors of sibling caregivers of patients with severe mental disorders: an observational study
Submitted: July 3, 2019
Accepted: February 24, 2020
Published: May 21, 2020
Accepted: February 24, 2020
Abstract Views: 914
PDF: 455
Appendix: 128
HTML: 48
Appendix: 128
HTML: 48
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Authors
The goal of the present study is to explore the perception of the relationship with parental figures, traumatic experiences, personality traits and psychosocial characteristics of the participant sibling caregivers. The sample was composed of 30 sibling caregivers recruited at psychiatric facilities in Italy, and of 30 control siblings. The battery of instruments administered included Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 2 (MMPI-2), and The Inventory of Traumatic Experiences (TEC). This research found that sibling caregivers of patients with severe psychiatric pathologies are distinctly different from the siblings of the control group with respect to the perception of their relationship with parental figures more frequently regarded as dysfunctional, and were also characterized by a higher presence of traumatic experiences. The problematic relationship with parental figures, some traumatic experiences, and the burden of taking care of a sibling with psychiatric disorders are probably important variables with regards to the individual’s overall psychological condition.
Albus, M., & Maier, W. (1995). Lack of gender differences in age at onset in familial schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 18: 51-57.
Amaresha, A.C., Venkatasubramanian, G., & Muralidahr, D. (2014). Needs of siblings of persons with psychosis: a systematic descriptive review. Clinical Psychopharmacoly and Neuroscience,12(2):111-23.
Appels, M. (2004). Elevated Level of schizotypal features in parents of patients with a family history of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 30(4): 781-790.
Arajärvi, R., Ukkola, J., Haukka, J., Suvisaari, J., Hintikka, J., Partonen, T., & Lönnqvist, J. (2006). Psychosis among "healthy" siblings of schizophrenia patients. BMC Psychiatry Journal, 6(6).
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-6-6
Argyropoulos, S.V, Landau, S., Kalidindi, S., Toulopoulou, T., Castle, D.J.,Murray, R.M., & Picchioni, M.M. (2008). Twins discordant for schizophrenia: psychopathology of the non-schizophrenic co-twins. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinava, 118(3): 214-9.
Awad, A.G., & Voruganti, L.N. (2008). The burden of schizophrenia on caregivers: a review. PharmacoEconomics, 26(2): 149-62.
Bandura, A. (1982). Psychology of chance encounters and life paths. American Psychologist, 37: 747-755.
Barak, D., & Solomon, Z. (2005). In the shadow of schizophrenia: a study of siblings’ perceptions. Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences 2005, 42(4):234-41.
Bonaiuto, M., Parrucchini, P., & Pierro, A. (1997). L’adolescente e i membri significativi della sua rete sociale. Qualità delle relazioni interpersonali. Età Evolutiva, 57: 40-56.
Bonanno, G. (2004). Loss, trauma and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? American Psychologist, 59(1): 20-28.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.59.1.20
Calati, R., Oasi, O., De Ronchi, D., & Serretti, A. (2010). The use of the defence style questionnaire in major depressive and panic disorders: A comprehensive meta-analysis. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 83: 1-13.
Caqueo-Urízar, A., Gutiérrez-Maldonado, J., & Miranda-Castillo, C. (2009). Quality of life in caregivers of patients with schizophrenia: a literature review. Health Quality Life Outcomes, 11(7): 84.
Carli, L. L., Anzelmo, E., Pozzi, S., Feeney, J., Gallucci, M., Santona, A., & Tagini, A. (2019). Attachment Network Structure in Committed Couples. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 1105.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01105
Cassidy, J. (1994). Emotion regulation: Influences of attachment relationships. In N.A. Fox (Ed.), The development of emotion regulation: Biological and behavioral considerations. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59. (Serial No. 240).
Coles, P. (2003). The Importance of Sibling Relationships in psychoanalysis. London: Karnac Book.
Dixon, L., Lyles, A., & Scott, J. (1999). Services to families of adults with schizophrenia: from treatment recommendations to dissemination. Psychiatric Services, 50: 233–238.
Dunn, J., & Plomin, R. (1996). Sibling Relationships: Their Causes and Consequences. Westport CT: Praeger.
Eagly, AH, & Chaiken, S (1993): The psychology of attitudes. Orlando, FL: College Publishers.
Finos, L. (2014). flip: Multivariate Permutation Tests. R package version 2.4. 3.
Fortunato Pesarin (2001) Multivariate Permutation Tests : With Applications in Biostatistics. Wiley, Chichester.
Friedrich, R.M., Lively, S., & Buckwalter, K.C. (1999). Well siblings living with schizophrenia. Impact of associated behaviours. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 37: 11-19.
Gerace, L., M., Camilleri, D., & Ayres, L. (1993). Sibling Perspectives on Schizophrenia and the Family. Schizophrenia Bulletin; 19(3): 637-647.
Gilbert, P., Allan, S., & Goss, K. (1996). Parental representations, shame, interpersonal problems, and vulnerability to psychopathology. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy; 3(1): 23-34
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0879(199603)3:1<23::AID-CPP66>3.0.CO;2-O
Glozman, J.M. (2004). Quality of life of caregivers. Neuropsychology Review, 14: 183-96.
Grandón, P., Jenaro, C., & Lemos, S. (2008). Primary Caregivers of Schizophrenia Outpatients: Burden and Predictor Variables. Psychiatry Research; 158(3): 335-43.
Greenberg, J.S., Seltzer, M.M., & Orsmond, G.I. (1999). Siblings of adults with mental illness or mental retardation: current involvement and expectation of future caregiving. Psychiatric Services, 50: 1214–1219.
Hatfield, A.B., & Lefley, H.P. (2005). Future involvement of siblings in the lives of persons with mental illness. Community Mental Health Journal, 41: 327–338.
Hathaway, S.R., & McKinley, J.C. (1995). MMPI-2. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (Adattamento Italiano di Paolo Pancheri e Saulo Sirigatti). Firenze: Giunti O.S.
Horwitz, A.V. (1994). Predictors of adult sibling social support for the seriously mentally ill, Journal of Family Issues, 15: 272-289.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X94015002007
Horwitz, A.V., Reinhard, S.C., & Howell-White, S. (1996). Caregiving as reciprocal exchange in families with seriously mentally ill members. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 37: 149-162.
Horwitz, A.V., Tessler, R.C., & Fisher, G.A. (1992). The role of adult siblings in providing social support to the severely mentally ill. Journal of Marriage and Family, 54: 233–241.
Kallert, T.W., & Nitsche, I. (2008). Assessing the opinions of relatives on the causes and social consequences of different mental disorders: are instruments cross-culturally valid?. Psychiatry Research, 158(3): 344-55.
Kendler, K.S.(1996). Parenting: A genetic-epidemiologic perspective. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 153: 11-20.
Kendler, K.S., McGuire, M., Gruenberg, A.M., O'Hare, A., Spellman, M., & Walsh, D. (1993). The Roscommon Family Study. IV. Affective illness, anxiety disorders, and alcoholism in relatives. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50(12): 952–960.
Kendler, K.S., Thacker, L., & Walsh, D. (1996). Self-report measures of schizotypy as indexes of familial vulnerability to schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 22(3): 511-520.
Maier, W., Lichtermann, D., Franke, P., Heun, R., Falkai, P., & Rietschel, M. (2002). The dichotomy of schizophrenia and affective disorders in extended pedigrees. Schizophrenia Research, 57(2–3): 259–266.
Marsh, D.T., Appleby, N.F., Dickens, R.M., Owens, M., & Young, N.O. (1993). Anguished voices: impact of mental illness on siblings and children. Innovations and Research, 2: 25–34.
Martens, L., & Addington, J. (2001). The psychological well-being of family members of individuals with schizophrenia. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 36(3): 128-133.
Nechmad, A., Fenning, S., Ternochiano, S., Treves, I., Fennig-Naisberg, S., & Levkovich, Y. (2000). Siblings of schizophrenic patients – a review. The Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Science, 37: 3-11.
Nijenhuis, E.R.S., Van der Hart, O., & Kruger, K. (2002). The psychometric characteristics of the traumatic experiences checklist (TEC): First findings among psychiatric outpatients. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 9: 200-210.
Parker, G., Tupling, H., & Brown, L.B. (1979). Parental Bonding Instrument. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 52: 1-10.
Provencher, E., & Fincham, F. (2000). Attributions of causality, responsibility and blame for positive and negative symptom behaviours in caregivers of persons with schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine, 30(4):899-910.
Pynoos, R.S., Steinberg, A.M., & Piacentini, J.C. (1999). A Developmental Psychopathology Model of Childhood Traumatic Stress and Intersection with Anxiety Disorders, Biological Psychiatry, 46: 1542-1554.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00262-0
Rajji, T.K., Ismail, Z., & Mulsant, B.H. (2009). Age at onset and cognition in schizophrenia: meta-analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 195(4): 286-93.
Reiss, D., & Oliveri, M.E. (1991). The family's conception of accountability and competence: A new approach to the conceptualization and assessment of family stress. Family Process, 30 (2): 193-214.
Reiss, D., Neiderhiser, J.H., Hetherington, E.M., & Plomin, R. (2000). The relationship code. Harvard: University Press.
Richieri, R., Boyer, L., Reine, G., Loundou, A., Auquier, P., Lançone, C., & Simeoni, M.C. (2011). The Schizophrenia Caregiver Quality of Life questionnaire (S-CGQoL): Development and validation of an instrument to measure quality of life of caregivers of individuals with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 126: 192–201.
Roncone, R., Mazza, M., Ussorio, D., & Pollice, R. (2007). The questionnaire of family functioning: a preliminary validation of a standardized instrument to evaluate psychoeducational family treatments. Community Mental Health Journal, 43(6): 591-607.
Rutter, M. (1985). Resiliency in the face of adversity. Protective factors and resistance to psychiatric disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry, 147: 598-611.
Sander, L. (2007). Living Systems, Evolving Consciousness, and the Emerging Person: A Selection of Papers from the Life Work of Louis Sander. London: Routledge.
Santona, A., & Zavattini, G.C. (2005). Partnering and parenting expectations in adoptive couple. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 20(3): 309-322.
Santona, A., De Cesare, P., Tognasso, G., De Franceschi, M., & Sciandra, A. (2019). The mediating role of romantic attachment in the relationship between attachment to parents and aggression. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 1824.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01824
Sin J., Jordan C.D., Barley E.A., Henderson C., & Norman I. (2015). Psychoeducation for siblings of people with severe mental illness. Cochrane Database of Systematic Review, 8;(5).
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010540.pub2
Sin J., Murrells T., Spain D., Norman I., & Henderson C., (2016). Wellbeing, mental health knowledge and caregiving experiences of siblings of people with psychosis, compared to their peers and parents: an exploratory study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology; 51(9):1247-55.
Smith, J., Greenberg, J.S., & Seltzer, M.M. (2007). Siblings of Adults With Schizophrenia: Expectations About Future Caregiving Roles. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 77(1): 29–37.
Smith, M.J., & Greenberg, J.S. (2007). The effects of the quality of sibling relationships on the life satisfaction of adults with schizophrenia. Psychiatric Services, 58: 1222–1224.
Solari, A., Finos, L., & Goeman, J. J. (2014). Rotation-based multiple testing in the multivariate linear model. Biometrics, 70(4), 954-961.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/biom.12238
Stalberg, G., Ekerwald, H., & Hultman, C.M. (2004). At issue: siblings of patients with schizophrenia: sibling bond, coping patterns, and fear of possible schizophrenia heredity. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 30: 445–458.
Taylor, V., Fuggle, P., & Charman, T. (2001). Well sibling psychological adjustment to chronic physical disorder in a sibling: How important is maternal awareness of their illness attitudes and perceptions?. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatric and Allied Discipline, 42: 953-962.
Team, R. C. (2013). R: A language and environment for statistical computing.
Tsuang, M.T., Stone, W.S., Tarbox, S.I., & Faraone, S.V. (2002). An integration of schizophrenia with schizotypy: Identification of schizotaxia and implications for research on treatment and prevention. Schizophrenia Research, 54(1-2): 169-175.
Van der Kolk, B.A., McFarlane, A.C., & Weisaeth, L. (2006). Traumatic stress: the effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body and society. New York: Guilford Press.
Van Os, J., Linscott, R.J., Myin-Germeys, I., Delespaul, P., & Krabbendam, L. (2009). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the psychosis continuum: Evidence for a psychosis proneness-persistence-impairment model of psychotic disorder. Psychological Medicine, 39(2): 179-195.
Vu, V. Q. (2011). ggbiplot: A ggplot2 based biplot. R package version 0.55.
Westfall, P. H. & Young, S. S. (1993) Resampling-based multiple testing: examples and methods for p-value adjustment. Wiley, New York.
Wong, F.K.D., Lam, K.Y.A., Chan, K.S., & Chan, F.S. (2012). Quality of life of caregivers with relatives suffering from mental illness in Hong Kong: roles of caregiver characteristics, caregiving burdens, and satisfaction with psychiatric services. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 10: 15.
Xinjun, L., Sundquista, J., Hemminkia, K., & Sundquista, K. (2009). Familial Risks of Psychotic Disorders and Schizophrenia among Siblings Based on Hospitalizations in Sweden. Psychiatry Research, 166(1): 1–6.
How to Cite
Pierazzuoli, F., Gatti, E., Castelli, M. R., Primerano, G., Oasi, O., Tognasso, G., … Santona, A. (2020). Psychological factors of sibling caregivers of patients with severe mental disorders: an observational study. Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.4081/ripppo.2020.412
PAGEPress has chosen to apply the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) to all manuscripts to be published.
Similar Articles
- Immacolata Zarrella, Luigi Alessandro Russolillo, Giorgio Caviglia, Raffaella Perrella, Continuity and discontinuity between psychopathology of childhood and adulthood: a review on retrospective and prospective studies , Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome: Vol. 20 No. 2 (2017)
- Francesca Locati, Pietro De Carli, Emanuele Tarasconi, Margherita Lang, Laura Parolin, Beyond the mask of deference: exploring the relationship between ruptures and transference in a single-case study , Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome: Vol. 19 No. 2 (2016)
- Paula Dagnino, Carola Pèrez, Adriana Gòmez, Sergio Gloger, Mariane Krause, Depression and attachment: how do personality styles and social support influence this relation? , Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome: Vol. 20 No. 1 (2017)
- Irene Messina, Giovanna Trimoldi, Shaping psychotherapy trainees’ potential: insights from training program directors , Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome: Vol. 27 No. 2 (2024)
- CV Vijayapriya, Rameshbabu Tamarana, Effectiveness of internet-delivered dialectical behavior therapy skills training on executive functions among college students with borderline personality traits: a non-randomized controlled trial , Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome: Vol. 26 No. 3 (2023)
- Laura Bonalume, Laura Corbelli, Mattia Ferro, Anna Lisa Mazzoleni, Maria Pia Roggero , Developing a prototype for relationship therapy psychoanalysis: an empirical study with the Psychotherapy Process Q-set , Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome: Vol. 26 No. 1 (2023)
- Guillermo de la Parra, Paula Dagnino, Camila Valdés, Mariane Krause, Beyond self-criticism and dependency: structural functioning of depressive patients and its treatment , Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome: Vol. 20 No. 1 (2017)
- Michele Settanni, Monica Bronzini, Giuseppe Carzedda, Giuseppe Godino, Maria Luisa Manca, Luisa Martini, Gianluca Provvedi, Francesco Quilghini, Alberto Zucconi, Gianni Francesetti, Introducing the QACP: development and preliminary validation of an instrument to measure psychotherapist’s core competencies , Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome: Vol. 25 No. 2 (2022)
- Gonca Soygüt, İsmail Volkan Gülüm, A thematic analysis of therapists' perspectives on therapeutic alliance rupture moments , Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome: Vol. 19 No. 2 (2016)
- Linnea Nissling, Sandra Weineland, Kristofer Vernmark, Ella Radvogin, Anna-Karin Engström, Sara Schmidt, Eva Nieto Granberg, Elin Larsson, Timo Hursti, Effectiveness of and processes related to internet-delivered acceptance and commitment therapy for adolescents with anxiety disorders: a randomized controlled trial , Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome: Vol. 26 No. 2 (2023)
<< < 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 > >>
You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.
