https://doi.org/10.4081/ripppo.2023.617
Validation and psychometric properties of the Italian version of the Power Behavioural System Scale
Submitted: March 5, 2022
Accepted: January 11, 2023
Published: February 3, 2023
Accepted: January 11, 2023
Abstract Views: 1511
PDF: 423
Appendix: 127
HTML: 11
Appendix: 127
HTML: 11
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Authors
The power behavioural system is a neurobehavioral system that motivates a person to acquire and control resources that are important for survival and reproductive success. When activated, its function is to protect or restore the sense of power, influence, or dominance. Repeated experiences of failure in achieving this goal may result in hyperactivation or deactivation of power-oriented behaviours (analogous to the secondary strategies observed with respect to the attachment behavioural system). Gaining a reliable and valid measure of hyperactivation and deactivation of the power system can be important for understanding an individual’s responses to different social contexts and, in clinical settings, can help the therapist identify the client’s difficulties that may undermine the therapeutic process. In the present study, we developed the Italian version of the Power Behavioural System Scale (PBSS), a self-report measure developed by Shaver et al. (2011) to assess individual differences in hyperactivation and deactivation of the power system. Results indicated an adequate fit to the expected two-factor model, and the measure proved to be reliable and had good convergent and structural validity, allowing the quantification of individual differences in power system hyperactivation and deactivation.
Anderson, C., John, O.P, & Keltner, D. (2012). The personal sense of power. Journal of Personality, 80, 313-344.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2011.00734.x
Arrindell, WA., de Groot, PM., & Walburg, JA. (1984). De Schaal voor Interpersoonlijk Gedrag (SIG); Handleiding Deel I [Scale for Interpersonal Behaviour]. Lisse, Netherlands: Swets Zeitlinger.
Arrindell, W. A., Sanavio, E., & Sica, C. (2002). Introducing a short form version of the scale for interpersonal behaviour (s-SIB) for use in Italy. Psicoterapia Cognitiva e Comportamentale, 8(1), 3–18.
Arrindell, WA., Nota, L., Sanavio, E., Sica, C. & Soresi, S. (2004). Test SIB. Scale for interpersonal behaviour. Trento, Erickson editore.
Barlett, C.P. & Anderson, C.A. (2012). Direct and indirect relations between the Big 5 personality traits and aggressive and violent behaviour. Personality and Individual Differences.52,8, 870-875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.01.029.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.01.029
Benjamini Y, Hochberg Y (1995) Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J R Statist Soc B 57:289–300. https://doi.org/10.2307/23461 01.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x
Bobbio, A., & Rattazzi, A. M. M. (2006). A Contribution to the Validation of the Motivation to Lead Scale (MTL): A Research in the Italian Context. Leadership, 2(1), 117–129.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1742715006057240
Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment (2nd ed.). Basic Books.
Brennan, K. A., Clark, C. L., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Self-report measurement of adult attachment: An integrative overview. In J. A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 46-76). Guilford Press.
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.). Testing structural equation models (pp. 136-162). Sage.
Brugnera, A., Zarbo, C., Farina, B., Picardi, A., Greco, A., Lo Coco, G., Tasca, G.A., Carlucci, S., Auteri, A., Greco, F., Compare, A. (2019). Psychometric properties of the Italian version of the Experience in Close Relationship Scale 12 (ECR-12): An exploratory structural equation modeling study. Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome, 22(3), 413-426. https://doi.org/10.4081/ripppo.2019.392
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4081/ripppo.2019.392
Buss, A.H., & Perry, M. (1992). The Aggression Questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 452-459.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.63.3.452
Cangur, S., & Ercan, I. (2015). Comparison of model fit indices used in structural equation modeling under multivariate normality. Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.22237/jmasm/1430453580
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22237/jmasm/1430453580
Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9, 233-250.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5
Cho, M. & Keltner, D. (2020). Power, approach, and inhibition: Empirical advances of a theory. Current Opinion in Psychology, 33, 196-200.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.08.013
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum.
Crowne, DP., & Marlowe, D. (1960). A new scale of social desirability independent of phychopatology. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 24, 349-354.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0047358
Dodge, K.A. (2011). Social Information Processing Patterns as Mediators of the Interaction Between Genetic Factors and Life Experiences in the Development of Aggressive Behaviour. In P .R. Shaver & M. Mikulincer (Eds.), Human aggression and violence: Causes, manifestations, and consequences (pp. 71-87). American Psychological Association.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/12346-009
Guinote A. (2017). How power affects people: Activating, wanting, and goal seeking. Annual Review of Psychology, 68, 353-381.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010416-044153
Guido, G., Peluso, AM., Capestro, M., and Miglietta, M. (2015). An Italian version of the 10-item Big Five Inventory: An application to hedonic and utilitarian shopping values. Personality and Individual Differences, 76, 135-140.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.11.053
Harris, J. A. (1997). A further evaluation of The Aggression Questionnaire: Issues of validity and reliability. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35(11), 1047-1053.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(97)00064-8
He, J., van de Vijver, F. J. R., Dominguez Espinosa, A., Abubakar, A., Dimitrova, R., Adams, B. G., … Villieux, A. (2015). Socially desirable responding. Journal of Cross-Cultural Research, 49(3), 227-249.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1069397114552781
Hough, L.M., & Ones, D.S. (2001). The structure, measurement, validity, and use of personality variables in industrial, work, and organizational psychology. In N. Anderson, D. S. Ones, H. K. Sinangil, & C. Viswesvaran (Eds.), Handbook of industrial work and organizational psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 233-377). Sage.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781848608320.n13
Johnson, S. L., Leedom, L. J., & Muhtadie, L. (2012). The dominance behavioural system and psychopathology: Evidence from self-report, observational, and biological studies. Psychological Bulletin, 138, 692-743.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027503
Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (2004). LISREL 8.71 [Computer Software]. Scientific Software International.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/0471667196.ess1481
Keltner, D., Gruenfeld, D. H., & Anderson, C. (2003). Power, approach, and inhibition. Psychological Review, 110, 265-284.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.110.2.265
Klein Tuente, S., Bogaerts, S., & Veling, W. (2019). Hostile attribution bias and aggression in adults - a systematic review. Aggression and Violent Behaviour, 46, 66-81.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2019.01.009
Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). Guilford Press.
Manganelli Rattazzi, AM., Canova, L. & Marcorin, R. (2000). La desiderabilità sociale: un’analisi delle forme brevi della scala di Marlowe e Crowne [Social desirability: an analysis of short forms of the Marlowe – Crowne Social Desirability Scale]. Testing, Psychometrics, Methodology in Applied Psychology, 7(1), 5-17.
Messina, A., Fogliani, A. M., & Paradiso, S. (2010). Association between alexithymia, neuroticism, and social desirability scores among Italian graduate students. Psychological Reports, 107(1), 185-192.
https://doi.org/10.2466/02.07.13.15.PR0.107.4.185-192.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2466/02.07.13.15.PR0.107.4.185-192
Mikulincer, M. & Shaver, P. R. (2003). The attachment behavioural system in adulthood: Activation, psychodynamics, and interpersonal processes. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. 35, 53-152.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(03)01002-5
Mikulincer, M. & Shaver, P. R. (2012). An attachment perspective on psychopathology. World Psychiatry, 11, 11-15.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wpsyc.2012.01.003
Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P. R. (2016). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.
Norcross, J.C. (2002). Empirically supported therapy relationships. In J. C. Norcross (Ed.), Psychotherapy relationships that work: Therapist contributions and responsiveness to patients (pp. 3-16). Oxford University Press.
Odendaal, A. (2015). Cross-cultural differences in social desirability scales: Influence
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v41i1.1259
of cognitive ability. Journal of Industrial Psychology, 41(1), Article #1259.
Okamoto, A., Dattilio, F. M., Dobson, K. S., & Kazantzis, N. (2019). The therapeutic relationship in cognitive-–behavioural therapy: Essential features and common challenges. Practice Innovations, 4, 112-123.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/pri0000088
Picardi, A., Vermigli, P., Toni, A., D’Amico, R., Biletti, D. & Pasquini, P. (2002). Further evidence of the validity of the Italian version of the questionnaire ‘Experiences in Close Relationships’ (ECR), a self-report instrument to assess adult attachment. Italian Journal of Psychopathology, 8(3), 282-294.
Price, J. (2000). Subordination, self-esteem and depression. In L. Sloman & P. Gilbert (Eds.), Subordination and defeat; An evolutionary approach to mood disorders and their therapy (pp. 165-177). Lawrence Erlbaum.
Proctor, G. (2008). CBT: The obscuring of power in the name of science. European Journal of Psychotherapy & Counseling, 10, 231-245.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13642530802337975
Proctor, G. (2002). The dynamics of power in counseling and psychotherapy: Ethics, politics and practice. PCCS Books.
Roberts, B. W., Jackson, J. J., Fayard, J. V., Edmonds, G., & Meints, J. (2009). Conscientiousness. In M. R. Leary & R. H. Hoyle (Eds.), Handbook of individual differences in social behaviour (pp. 369-381). Guilford Press.
Salzano, S., & Conson, M. (2020). The two-dimensional model of behavioural systems and the ‘problematic’ activation style. Psychological Reports, Nov 17:33294120973938.
Shaver, P. R., Segev, M., & Mikulincer, M. (2011). A behavioural systems perspective on power and aggression. In P. R. Shaver & M. Mikulincer (Eds.), Human aggression and violence: Causes, manifestations, and consequences (pp. 71-87). American Psychological Association.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/12346-004
Sloman, L., Gilbert, P., & Hasey, G. (2003). Evolved mechanisms in depression: The role and interaction of attachment and social rank in depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 74, 107-121.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(02)00116-7
Taber, K.S. (2018). The use of Cronbach’s alpha when developing and reporting research instruments in science education. Research in Science Education, 48, 1273-1296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-016-9602-2
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-016-9602-2
Walters, A. E., Stuhlmacher, A. F., & Meyer, L. L. (1998). Gender and negotiator competitiveness: A meta-analysis. Organizational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes, 76(1), 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1998.2797
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1998.2797
How to Cite
Salzano, S., Zappullo, I., Senese, V. P., Conson, M., Finelli, C., Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2023). Validation and psychometric properties of the Italian version of the <i>Power Behavioural System Scale</i>. Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome, 26(1). https://doi.org/10.4081/ripppo.2023.617
Copyright (c) 2023 the Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
PAGEPress has chosen to apply the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) to all manuscripts to be published.
Similar Articles
- Giorgio Falgares, Giulia Costanzo, Giovanna Manna, Dorian A. Lamis, Childhood emotional maltreatment and internalizing problems in a non-clinical sample of adolescents: a moderated-mediation model of insecure anxious attachment style and gender , Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome: Vol. 27 No. 2 (2024)
- Ana Nunes da Silva, Antònio Branco Vasco, Jeanne C. Watson, Alexithymia and emotional processing: a longitudinal mixed methods research , Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome: Vol. 21 No. 1 (2018)
- Laura Parolin, Alberto Milesi, Giovanni Comelli, Francesca Locati, The interplay of mentalization and epistemic trust: a protective mechanism against emotional dysregulation in adolescent internalizing symptoms , Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome: Vol. 26 No. 3 (2023)
- Elham Qanbari Alaee, Omid Saed, Sahel Khakpoor, Reza Ahmadi, Mahsa Ali Mohammadi, Majid Yoosefi Afrashteh, Zekrolah Morovati, The efficacy of transdiagnostic cognitive behavioural therapy on reducing negative affect, anxiety sensitivity and improving perceived control in children with emotional disorders - a randomized controlled trial , Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome: Vol. 25 No. 1 (2022)
- Marianna Liotti, Alice Fiorini Bincoletto, Fabiola Bizzi, Marta Tironi, Simone Charpentier Mora, Donatella Cavanna, Guido Giovanardi, Elliot Jurist, Anna Maria Speranza, Vittorio Lingiardi, Annalisa Tanzilli, The catcher in the mind: validation of the brief-mentalized affectivity scale for adolescents in the Italian population , Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome: Vol. 26 No. 3 (2023)
- Giorgio Falgares, Sandro De Santis, Salvatore Gullo, Danilo Carrozzino, Daniela Marchetti, Maria Cristina Verrocchio, Gianluca Lo Coco, Daniel Kopala-Sibley, Osmano Oasi, The Italian version of the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire: psychometric properties and validation in students, community, and clinical groups , Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome: Vol. 20 No. 1 (2017)
- Ilaria Maria Antonietta Benzi, Nicola Carone, Laura Parolin, Gabriel Martin-Gagnon, Karin Ensink, Andrea Fontana, Different epistemic stances for different traumatic experiences: implications for mentalization , Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome: Vol. 26 No. 3 (2023)
- Fabienne Gutjahr, Cord Benecke, Crying in psychotherapy: an exploratory mixed-methods study on forms of emotional crying and associated therapeutic interventions , Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome: Vol. 27 No. 1 (2024)
- Eunice Barbosa, Maria Amendoeira, Tiago Ferreira, Ana Sofia Teixeira, José Pinto-Gouveia, Joào Salgado, Immersion and distancing across the therapeutic process: relationship to symptoms and emotional arousal , Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome: Vol. 20 No. 2 (2017)
- Monica Accordini, Scott Browning, Marialuisa Gennari, Kevin McCarthy, Davide Margola, Till the ocean do us part: Italian and American therapists representations of stepfamilies in treatment , Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome: Vol. 20 No. 3 (2017)
You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.
